Applying blocks/cow slips what is important
- Clean (defat) area with alcohol
- Mix glue and use this to attach block or cowslip
- Keep foot restrained until glue dry
- Must be sure the claw is sound
- Use angle grinder to clean soles, walls
- Place shallow grooves on sole
Coxo-femoral luxation (hip dislocation) when common, what involved and diagnosis
○ Common after calving and during mating ○ Involves displacement of femoral head to a position outside the pelvic acetabulum ○ Diagnosis § Stance of animal □ Can also fracture when go done § Crepitus is usually evident § Palpation head of femur § Affected limb abducted excessively § Palpate greater trochanter □ Upwards and forwards □ Upwards and back □ Downwards and forward - rectal □ Downwards and back - rectal
Coxo-femoral luxation (hip dislocation) steps in the treatment
i. Sedate heavily Xylazine
ii. Lateral recumbency with affected limb uppermost
iii. Restrain animal with rope through inguinal region - need two pivot points
iv. Traction - block and tackle or calving jack -> calving rope/chains
v. Rotate limb while applying traction
vi. Can change direction of traction if required
vii. Feel “clunk” as head of femur moves into acetabulum, immediately release traction
Coxo-femoral luxation (hip dislocation) prognosis better if
§ Cow able to stand before reduction
§ Cow <3 years, <400Kg
§ Duration dislocation less than 12 hours - less likely for bleeding and inflammation
Stifle instability how common, clinical presentation
○ Second most common form of high limb lameness - not common?
○ Shortened stride affected leg
○ Weight bearing on toe, heel raised
○ Restricted movement stifle joint
Fractured limb treatment dependent on location and in calves
○ Below carpus, tarsus respond well to casting - need lots of nursing support
§ Provided not compound
○ High fractures - conservative treatment
○ Treatment in calves
§ Respond well to treatment
§ Robber jones bandage
Pelvic fractures where most common, treatment
○ Most common - wing of ilium, ischium or pubis
○ Debride area, get back to healthy tissue, suture on dressing
§ If part of ilium chipped off -> need to remove from wound
○ Beware of risk bony callus - dystocia
Hip dysplasia when seen, presentation and cause
○ Seen young rapidly growing, heavy beef bulls
○ Swaying gait of hind limbs, or drag hind limbs slightly
○ More severe cases - click as pushed from side to side, or crepitus
Inherited defect
Sacro-iliac luxation clinical presentation in mild and severe cases
○ Partial or complete separation joint surfaces sacrum, ilium
○ Mild cases - slight ataxia, knucking fetlock
○ Severe form - back appears dropped, sacral tuberosities very pronounced
Patellar luxation presentation and treatment
○ Patellar temporarily fixed on upper part of femoral trochlea
○ Clinically the animal progresses with jerky action, leg remains extended back until patellar frees itself
○ Treatment - medial patellar desmotomy
- Identify middle and medial patellar ligaments
§ Prepare area anterior to, and over, medial patellar ligament for surgery
§ Local anaesthesia
§ Correction - insert tenotome beneath medial patellar ligament and incise ligament completely
Degenerative arthritis most common in what and where, presentation and treatment
○ Usually affects older animals, major weight bearing joints - hip, stifle, hock
○ Usually slow onset
○ Weight loss and muscle atrophy as condition progresses
○ Hoof dragging, rolling gait
○ In advanced cases, crepitus obvious
○ MOST LIKELY CULLED
Rupture cranial cruciate ligament why more prone, diagnosis and treatment
○ Cranial ligament is shorter of the two, more prone to injury
○ Palpate and hear audible dislocation of distal femoral, proximal tibial articular surfaces
§ Sedation often aids in diagnosis
○ Not much you can do
Infectious arthritis what results from in calves and adults
○ Joint penetration or septicaemia
○ Calves - streptococcal and coliform polyarthritis frequency follow calf scour syndrome
○ Adult cattle - may follow mastitis
Paralysis what do most result in and the 4 main ones
- Downer cow when become recumbent can affect any of the nerves - sciatic, tibial, peroneal nerve
○ Especially with calving paralysis - sciatic nerve thought to be involved more
1. Radial paralysis
2. obturator paralysis
3. peroneal paralysis
4. tibial paralysis
Radial and obturator paralysis generally when occur and result
Radial paralysis
○ After recumbency - milk fever, cast for surgery
Affects ability to extend carpal, digital joints
Obturator paralysis
○ Damage where trunk of nerve passes close to medial aspect of the shaft of the ilium
Result - limb abduction affected leg pushes out to the side
Peroneal and tibial paralysis when occur and results
Peroneal paralysis
○ Nerve susceptible to damage where it runs down (subcutaneous) over the lateral femoral condyle, head of fibula
○ Knuckling of fetlock, over-extension of hock
○ In severe cases dorsal aspect fetlock joint contacts ground
Tibial paralysis
○ Hocked over-flexed
○ Fetlock slightly flexed, but bearing surface of hooves remains in contact with the ground
Prevention of digital disease what are the 2 main factors and factors within
1. Environment ○ Farm track maintenance ○ Gate ways, troughs ○ Selection of concrete for yards 2. Management ○ Don't hurry, force cows along track ○ Try to avoid turning on concrete ○ Design of laneways § Minimal abrasive qualities § Avoid sharp stones § Adequate drainage § Eliminate congestion points § Objective □ Cows walking quietly at their own speed are able to carefully place their feet so as to avoid obstacles and rough or sharp objects □ If try to hurry back of the cows will restrict area around the back, overall speed of the herd will hardly change as this is set by the dominant cow group in the herd ○ Minimise time on concrete
What are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system
- Gas exchange
- Hypoxia / Hypercarbia lead to dyspnoea, lung sounds - Thermoregulation
- Cows don’t sweat much –they increase resp rate - Acid/Base balance
- Particularly in young calves
What is special about bovine respiratory system and disease
SYSTEM
- decreased capacity - greater clinical effect of minor disease
DISEASE
- Mostly infectious or toxic
- Clinical signs often relate to toxaemia rather than respiratory dysfunction
- Respiratory dysfunction may be due to non-respiratory disease (eg anemia)
Assessing respiratory rate and nature what is normal and abnormal
- Dairy cattle 20 to 30 breaths per minute “at rest”
○ Costo -abdominal (move ribs as much as diaphragm) - “Normal” = Inspiration –expiration –pause - normal generally not occurring when doing clinical exam - stressed
○ Prolonged inspiration -> upper respiratory tract disease
○ Prolonged expiration -> lower respiratory tract disease
○ Tachypnoea –rapid shallow respiration
○ Hyperpnoea –increase in depth of respiration
○ Dyspnoea –laboured respiration. (also neck extenstionetc…)
Dyspnoea what are 3 respiratory causes at rest and 4 non-respiratory causes
RESPIRATORY ○ Filled alveoli (eg pneumonia) ○ Compressed alveoli ( pleural effusion) ○ Obstructed air passages (eg lungworm) NON- RESPIRATORY 1. Cardiac disease, peripheral circulatory failure, DIC 2. Blood disease - Anaemia, methemagolbinemia… 3. Nervous system disease - Encephalitis, muscle paralysis (tetanus, hypocalcaemia…) 4.General systemic states ○ Hyperthermia, pain, acidosis
List 4 abnormal lung sounds and possible causes
- Crackles
○ Inspiratory and expiratory sounds
○ Clicking, popping, bubbling -like separating Velcro
○ Alveolar pathology -Air bubbling through airway secretions - Wheezes
○ Airway pathology -vibrations - sounds like waves crashing
○ Inspiratory –extra thoracic obstruction - most common
○ Expiratory –from intra-thoracic airways - Friction Rubs
○ Sandpaper like sound
○ Inflamed parietal and visceral pleura rub together - Stridors
○ Inspiratory wheezes
○ Tracheal in origin - Expiratory grunting
○ Trachea or thorax
○ Pain associated with acute pleurisy, peritonitis, extensive consolidation
What are the 3 main pneumonias causes, clinical signs and lung sounds
1) Bronchopneumonia
- Pathogens gain access through pulmonary tree
- Depression, fever, toxaemia - generally due to septicaemia
- Cranioventral lung sounds and lesions
2) Interstitial pneumonias
- Non-infectious damage to alveolar septa by inhaled allergens or toxins
- “atypical” because affected animals tend not to be as depressed and toxic
- Abnormal lung sounds diffusely distributed
3) Metastatic or Embolic Pneumonia
- Septic embolism from other foci (eg liver or caudal vena cava)
- Often signs of toxaemia.
- Epistaxis or hemoptysyslater in disease
Bovine respiratory disease complex what makes it up and important thing for treatment
Triad of causes
○ Causal agents
○ Animal factors (immune competence)
○ Environmental factors
- Viruses –PI3, BRSV, BoHV-1, BVDV
- Bacteria –Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multiocoda, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Histophilus somni
○ Apart from H. Somni, most pathogens don’t cause severe disease on their own
- Often, treating or preventing one or two agents is enough to impact on clinical disease - important for control
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ECP 1100
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ECP 292
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ECP 3106
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ECP 4100
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ECP 5100
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ECP 669
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Dog and Cat 1100
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Dog and Cat 2101
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Dog and Cat 399
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Dogs and Cats 4112
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Birds 198
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Birds 2101
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Bird 3101
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Horses 1100
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Horses 2101
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Horses 394
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Bird 426
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Horses 4103
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Cattle 1101
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Cattle 2103
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Cattle 3100
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Cattle 447
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Dog and Cat 5100
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Dogs and Cat 6101
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Dog and Cat 7101
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Horses 589
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Dog and Cat 8101
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Dog and Cat 9100
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Dog and Cat 10100
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Dog and Cat 1188
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Small Rum 1101
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Small Rum 2100
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Small Rum 339
