Block 1

Question 1

Mental processes

Answer 1

Activities in the brain that are required to produce a sequence of systematic actions, changes, and functions

Question 2

Behaviour

Answer 2

Any response carried out by an organism

Question 3

Theory of dualism

Answer 3

René Descartes

Question 4

Theory of unified mind and matter

Answer 4

Baruch Spinoza

Question 5

Theory of the unconscious mind

Answer 5

Gottfried Leibniz

Question 6

Methodical classification of mainstream mental illness

Answer 6

De Sauvages

Question 7

Priori and Posteriori knowledge

Answer 7

Kant

Question 8

Stream of consciousness

Answer 8

William James

Question 9

Wundt was considered a

Answer 9

Voluntarist because he was interested in volitional behaviour (actions and behaviours thay are deliberately chosen and controlled)

Question 10

Wundt described the dimensions of

Answer 10

Pleasure/displeasure/relaxation/excitement/depression

Question 11

1879 who founded what and where

Answer 11

Wundt founded the 1st psych lab in Leipzig Germany

Question 12

1883 who founded what and where

Answer 12

Stanley hall founded the 1st psych lab in USA and started USA’s first psych journal

Question 13

1st president of APA and 1st female president of APA

Answer 13

1) Stanley hall
2) Mary Whiten Calkins

Question 14

1) 1st women to earn a phD in psych and authored what
2) did pioneering work on adolescent development and the fallacy of women’s inferiority

Answer 14

1) Margaret Floy Washburn
2) Leta Stetter Hollingsworth

Question 15

Structuralism
1) what
2) who

Answer 15

1) believed that the task of psychology is to analyse the consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related (introspection, sensation, preparation)
2) Edward Titchener

Question 16

Functionalism
1) what
2) who
3) influenced by
4) influenced

Answer 16

1) investigated the functional purpose of consciousness, rather than analysing its structure (mental testing, developmental patterns, sex differences)
2) William James
3) Darwin
4) behaviourism, applied and evolutionary psychology

Question 17

Archetypal psychology

Answer 17

Jung - believed humanity had very specific foundational patterns diversified by culture and personality

Question 18

Behaviourism

Answer 18

John B Watson - believed psychology should only study observable behaviour
- influence by Pavlov and wanted to relate response to stimuli

Question 19

Humanism

Answer 19

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
A theoretical orientation that emphasises their freedom and potential for personal growth, believed that psychologists must take into account the fundamental human drive toward personal growth

Question 20

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 20

Examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations

Buss, Dally, Wilson, Cosmides, Tooby

Question 21

Biological perspective

Answer 21

Maintain that much of human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of the brain structures and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave

James Olds, Roger Sperry, Hubel and Weisal

Question 22

Principles of learning and conditioning

Answer 22

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
• observational learning

Question 23

Maslow hierarchy of needs

Answer 23

Self actualisation
Growth needs
Esteem
Belongingness and love
Safety
Physiological

Question 24

Who’s epiphany of ‘grumpy’

Answer 24

Martin Seligmans

Question 25

Ethnocentrism

Answer 25

Viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard for judging

Question 26

Socialisation

Answer 26

Process by which culture is transmitted and internalised

Question 27

Afrocentric psychology

Answer 27

Develop theories and models that are aimed exclusively at people of African descent

Question 28

African psychology

Answer 28

Adopts a universal approach to formulating psychological dynamics

Question 29

Learning

Answer 29

Durable lasting change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience

Question 30

Associative learning

Answer 30

When learning is based on association between stimuli and responses

Question 31

Cognitive learning in higher order mental processing 3 things

Answer 31

Understanding, knowing, anticipating

Question 32

Classical conditioning

Answer 32

Type of learning in which a stimulus obtains the capacity to create a response that was originally created by another stimulus

Question 33

6 factors that alter behaviour but does not constitute learning

Answer 33

1) motivation 2) fatigue 3) maturation 4) disease 5) injury 6) drugs

Question 34

Evaluative conditioning

Answer 34

Changes in the liking of stimulus that results from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimulus

Question 35

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 35

Reappearance of a learned response after apparent extinction

Question 36

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 36

Respond to similar stimuli as you would for a conditioned stimuli

Question 37

Higher order conditioning

Answer 37

When a conditioner response is used to generate a response to another stimulus

Question 38

Vicarious/second hand conditioning

Answer 38

Indirectly respond to event/stimulus in a particular manner through observation

Question 39

Acquisition

Answer 39

Initial stage or learning some pattern of responding

Question 40

Extinction

Answer 40

Weaken/remove the conditioned response Process by which the association between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus is broken

Question 41

Aversive conditioning

Answer 41

An aspect of operant conditioning that deals with unpleasant stimuli and how we learn to stay away from them

Question 42

Escape

Answer 42

Performing an opera t response to cause and aversive stimulus to cease

Question 43

Avoidance

Answer 43

Involves a stimulus that signals the onset of the aversive stimulus Like conditioned taste aversion

Question 44

Punishment in operant conditioning

Answer 44

Decreases the probability a subject will repeat the action by rewarding the action with a negative or positive response/consequence

Question 45

Consequences to punishment

Answer 45

Escape, avoidance, aggression

Question 46

Keys to effective punishment

Answer 46

Timing, consistency, and intensity

Question 47

Counter conditioning

Answer 47

Reinforce the desired behaviour

Question 48

Continues reinforcement

Answer 48

Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforces

Question 49

Intermittent/partial reinforcement

Answer 49

Occurs when a designated response is only reinforced some of the time

Question 50

Fixed ratio

Answer 50

A predetermined number of correct responses must be made to receive the reinforcer, produces high response rates

Question 51

Variable ratio

Answer 51

An average number of correct responses must be made to receive the reinforcer

Question 52

Fixed interval

Answer 52

A reinforcer is provided only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response, produces moderate response rate Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced

Question 53

Variable interval

Answer 53

Reinforcer provided only when a correct response is made after a varied amount of time has passed, since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the timer interval is not reinforced Produces slow,steady response rates - tremendous resistance to extinction