Block 3 - Chapter 11

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

An individual’s unique set of consistent behavioural traits

Question 2

The concept of Personality is used to explain

Answer 2

1) the stability in a persons behaviour over time and across situations (consistency)
2) the behavioural differences among people reacting to the same situation (distinctiveness)

Question 3

Personality trait

Answer 3

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Question 4

Factor analysis

Answer 4

Correlations among many variables are analysed to identify closely related clusters of variables

Question 5

5 factor model of personality traits

Answer 5

1) extraversion
2) neuroticism (anxious, hostile, self conscious, insecure and vulnerable)
3) openness to experience
4) agreeableness
5) conscientious (diligent, well organised, punctual and dependable)

Question 6

The 5 factor model maintains that

Answer 6

Most personality traits are derived from just 5 higher order traits

Question 7

Psychosexual stages

Answer 7

Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality

Question 8

Fixation

Answer 8

A failure to move forward from one stages to another, as expected. Can be caused by excessive gratification

Question 9

Collective unconscious (Jung)

Answer 9

A storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past

Question 10

Archetypes (Jung)

Answer 10

Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

Question 11

Adler believed the foremost source of human motivation is

Answer 11

Striving for superiority

Question 12

Compensation (Adler)

Answer 12

Involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s ability

Question 13

Personality development as a product of conditioning

Answer 13

Skinner

Question 14

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 14

The idea that internal mental events, external environmental events and overt behaviour all influence one another

Question 15

The self-concept(Roger)

Answer 15

A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities and typical behaviour

Question 16

Incongruence (Roger)

Answer 16

The degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience

Question 17

Maslow said healthy personalities are

Answer 17

Self actualising persons because of their commitment to continued personal growth

Question 18

Evolutionary theory (biological perspectives on personality)

Answer 18

Asserts that personality has a biological basis because natural selection has favoured certain traits over the course of human history

Question 19

Narcissism (grandiose)

Answer 19

A personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others

Question 20

Narcissism (vulnerable)

Answer 20

Characterised by insecurity hypersensitivity to criticism low self esteem and a chronic sense of shame anxiety and entitlement

Question 21

Narcissism (collective)

Answer 21

An inflated belief in the greatness of one’s country, ethnicity, religion, or other social grouping

Question 22

Terror management theory (TMT)

Answer 22

A theory explaining how people cope with the existential dread of their own morality by adapting cultural worldviews that provide meaning and self esteem

Question 23

Self esteem serves as a

Answer 23

Terror management function

Question 24

Morality salience

Answer 24

The degree to which subjects’ morality is prominent in their minds

Question 25

Concept of the national character

Answer 25

The idea that various cultures have widely recognised prototype personalities

Question 26

National identity

Answer 26

How much one identifies with a particular national culture (hard to pin down in SA)

Question 27

Defence mechanisms

Answer 27

Are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

Question 28

Rationalisation

Answer 28

Which is creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour

Question 29

Represssion

Answer 29

Is keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Question 30

Projecting

Answer 30

Is attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, motives to another

Question 31

Displacement

Answer 31

Is diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target

Question 32

Reaction formation

Answer 32

I’d behaving in a way that’s exactly opposite to one’s true feelings

Question 33

Regression

Answer 33

Is a reversion to immature patterns of behaviour

Question 34

Identification

Answer 34

Is boosting self esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

Question 35

Sublimation

Answer 35

Which occurs when unconscious unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable perhaps even admirable behaviours

Question 36

Behaviourism

Answer 36

Is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour

Question 37

Observational learning

Answer 37

Occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others

Question 38

A model

Answer 38

Is a person whose behaviour is observed by another

Question 39

Self efficacy

Answer 39

Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes

Question 40

Humanism

Answer 40

Is a theoretical orientation that emphasises the unique qualities of humans especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

Question 41

Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory)

Answer 41

Includes the child and other individuals involved in their immediate environment (the nuclear family)

Question 42

Mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory)

Answer 42

Involved reciprocal interactions between various Microsystems and can include spheres such as the home neighbourhood and school

Question 43

The exosystem (Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory)

Answer 43

Represents the social setting surrounding the child

Question 44

The macro system (Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory)

Answer 44

Is the broadest context and it refers to cultures and subcultures each of which has its own beliefs and value systems

Question 45

Projective tests

Answer 45

Ask participants to respond to vague ambiguous stimuli in ways which can reveal the subjects needs feelings and personality traits