Bones

Question 1

periosteum

Answer 1

covered compact bone on the outside

Question 2

endosteum

Answer 2

covered spongy bone within

Question 3

diploë

Answer 3

spongy bone in flat bones(skull)

Question 4

bone marrow between the

Answer 4

trabeculae

Question 5

red marrow

Answer 5

cavities of adults

Question 6

osteogenic

Answer 6

bone stem cells

Question 7

osteoblasts

Answer 7

bone forming cells. Immature

Question 8

osteocytes

Answer 8

mature bone cells

Question 9

osteoclasts

Answer 9

cells that break down bone

Question 10

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

Answer 10

Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal

Question 11

Lacunae

Answer 11

small cavities that contain osteocytes

Question 12

Canaliculi

Answer 12

hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Question 13

Trabeculae

Answer 13

Absorbs shock along lines of stress
no osteons

Question 14

Osteon

Answer 14

The structural unit of bone

Question 15

Lamellae (little plate

Answer 15

weight bearing

Question 16

Central canal

Answer 16

contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 17

Osteoid

Answer 17

liquid organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
collagen fibers- provide strength and flexibility

Question 18

Hydroxyapatites

Answer 18

hardness of bone
mainly calcium

Question 19

Osteogenesis

Answer 19

bone tissue formation

Question 20

Stages

Answer 20

bone formation
prenatal bone growth
bone remodeling and repair

Question 21

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 21

bone develops from fibrous membrane
forms flat bones

Question 22

Endochondral ossification

Answer 22

Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Forms most of the rest of the skeleton

Question 23

process of endochondral ossification

Answer 23

1. Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model.
2. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities.
3. The periosteal bud inavades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form.
4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage

Question 24

Interstitial growth

Answer 24

Increase in length of long bones

Question 25

Appositional growth

Answer 25

Increase in thickness

Question 26

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones

Answer 26

Proliferation (division) Hypertrophic (growth)- enlargement Calcification (hardening) Ossification (osteogenic)

Question 27

Zone of proliferation

Answer 27

chondrocytes multiply

Question 28

Zone of hypertrophy

Answer 28

chondrocyte enlargement

Question 29

Zone of calcification

Answer 29

mineral deposited in the matrix between columns of lacunae

Question 30

Zone of bone deposition

Answer 30

osteons and spongy bone are created by osteoblasts

Question 31

Growth hormone

Answer 31

stimulates epiphyseal plate activity

Question 32

Thyroid hormone

Answer 32

modulates activity of growth hormone

Question 33

puberty hormones

Answer 33

testosterone and estrogen

Question 34

Achondroplastic

Answer 34

Normal torso, short limbs- little people

Question 35

Pituitary

Answer 35

Normal proportions with short stature

Question 36

Acromegaly

Answer 36

causes excessive growth of hands,feet, jaw and internal organs in adults

Question 37

Gigantism

Answer 37

abnormal high linear growth

Question 38

Wolff’s law:

Answer 38

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it

Question 39

more hormones

Answer 39

calcium phosphate

Question 40

Hypocalcemia

Answer 40

blood calcium deficiency causes tremors

Question 41

Hypercalcemia

Answer 41

blood calcium excess sluggish reflexes

Question 42

Hypocalcemia has a wide variety of causes

Answer 42

vitamin D deficiency * diarrhea * thyroid tumors * pregnancy and lactation * accidental removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery

Question 43

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones:

Answer 43

calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin

Question 44

Calcitriol

Answer 44

increases calcium absorption by small intestine increases calcium resorption from the skeleton increases stem cell differentiation into osteoclasts promotes kidney reabsorption

Question 45

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 45

Increasing osteoclast population and activity promoting calcium reabsorption by the kidneys inhibiting collagen synthesis by osteoblasts

Question 46

Calcitonin

Answer 46

osteoclast inhibition osteoblast stimulation

Question 47

Nondisplaced

Answer 47

ends retain normal position

Question 48

Displaced

Answer 48

ends out of normal alignment

Question 49

Complete

Answer 49

broken all the way through

Question 50

Incomplete

Answer 50

not broken all the way through

Question 51

Linear

Answer 51

parallel to long axis of the bone

Question 52

Transverse

Answer 52

perpendicular to long axis of the bone

Question 53

Compound (open)

Answer 53

bone ends penetrate the skin

Question 54

Simple (closed)

Answer 54

bone ends do not penetrate the skin

Question 55

comminuted

Answer 55

bone fragments into three or more pieces

Question 56

compression

Answer 56

bone is crushed

Question 57

spiral

Answer 57

ragged break like twisting forces

Question 58

epiphyseal

Answer 58

separates from the diaphysis

Question 59

depressed

Answer 59

broken bone is pressed inward

Question 60

greenstick

Answer 60

bone breaks incompletely like a twin

Question 61

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

Answer 61

1. Hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms- fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling

Question 62

Osteomalacia and rickets

Answer 62

Calcium salts not deposited bowlegged rickets is kids

Question 63

Osteoporosis

Answer 63

Loss of bone mass