Joints

Question 1

Articulation

Answer 1

site where two or more bones meet

Question 2

Three functional classifications:

Answer 2

Synarthroses — immovable
Amphiarthroses — slightly movable
Diarthroses — freely movable

Question 3

Three structural classifications:

Answer 3

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 4

Fibrous Joints

Answer 4

Most are synarthrotic

Question 5

Three types of fibrous joints

Answer 5

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

Question 6

sutures

Answer 6

between skull bones (synarthroses)

Question 7

Syndesmoses

Answer 7

long collagenous fibers (ampiarthroses)

Question 8

Gomphoses

Answer 8

attach teeth to bone (synarthroses)

Question 9

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 9

Bones united by cartilage

Question 10

Two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 10

Synchondroses
Symphyses

Question 11

Synchrondrosis

Answer 11

bones are bound by hyaline cartilage

Temporary joint in the epiphyseal plate

First rib attachment to sternum

Question 12

Symphysis

Answer 12

two bones joined by fibrocartilage

bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs

Question 13

Synovial joint

Answer 13

diarthrosis or diarthrodial joint

most are freely movable

Question 14

Synovial Joints features

Answer 14

1. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
2. Joint (synovial) cavity: small potential
   space
3. Articular (joint) capsule:
   * Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular
   connective tissue
   * Inner synovial membrane of loose connective
   tissue
4. Synovial fluid: Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
5. Reinforced by ligaments:
6. Rich nerve and blood vessel supply

Question 15

Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints

Answer 15

Shapes of articular surfaces

Ligament number

Muscle tone

Question 15

Reinforced by ligaments

Answer 15

Capsular (intrinsic) — part of the fibrous capsule
* Extracapsular — outside the capsule
* Intracapsular — deep to capsule; covered
by synovial membrane

Question 16

Bursae

Answer 16

Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
* Contain synovial fluid
* Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments,
muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Question 17

Tendon sheath

Answer 17

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a
tendon

Question 18

Bursitis

Answer 18

An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by
a blow or friction

Question 19

Tendonitis

Answer 19

inflammation of tendon sheaths typically
caused by overuse

Question 20

Dislocations (luxations)

Answer 20

Occur when bones are forced out of alignment

Question 21

Subluxation

Answer 21

partial dislocation of a joint

Question 22

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Answer 22

More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly
aligned or overworked joints

Question 23

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 23

Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a
pannus (thick pad)

Question 24

Gouty Arthritis

Answer 24

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation

Question 25

Lyme Disease

Answer 25

Caused by bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks

Question 26

Nonaxial

Answer 26

slipping movements only

Question 27

Uniaxial

Answer 27

movement in one plane

Question 28

Biaxial

Answer 28

movement in two planes

Question 29

Multiaxial

Answer 29

movement in or around all three planes

Question 30

Six types, based on shape of articular surfaces:

Answer 30

Plane * Hinge * Pivot * Condyloid * Saddle * Ball and socket

Question 31

Plane joint

Answer 31

nonaxial (intercarpal joint)

Question 32

Hinge joint

Answer 32

(elbow joint) uniaxial

Question 33

Pivot joint

Answer 33

uniaxial (proximal radioulnar joint)

Question 34

Condyloid joint

Answer 34

biaxial (metacarpophalangeal joint)

Question 35

Saddle joint

Answer 35

biaxial (carpometacarpal joint of thumb)

Question 36

Ball-and-socket joint

Answer 36

multiaxial (shoulder joint)

Question 37

Movements at Synovial Joints

Answer 37

1. Gliding 2. Angular movements: 3. Rotation 4. Special movements

Question 38

Gliding Movements

Answer 38

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface Examples: * Intercarpal joints * Intertarsal joints

Question 39

Angular Movements

Answer 39

Movements that occur along the sagittal plane:

Question 40

Flexion

Answer 40

decreases the angle of the joint

Question 41

Extension

Answer 41

increases the angle of the joint

Question 42

Hyperextension

Answer 42

excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

Question 43

Abduction

Answer 43

movement away from the midline

Question 44

Adduction

Answer 44

movement toward the midline

Question 45

Circumduction

Answer 45

flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space

Question 46

Rotation

Answer 46

The turning of a bone around its own long axis

Question 47

Special Movements

Answer 47

Movements of radius around ulna:

Question 48

Supination

Answer 48

turning hand forward

Question 49

Pronation

Answer 49

turning hand backward

Question 50

Dorsiflexion

Answer 50

upward movement

Question 51

Plantar flexion

Answer 51

downward movement

Question 52

Inversion

Answer 52

turn sole medially

Question 53

Eversion

Answer 53

turn sole laterally

Question 54

Protraction

Answer 54

anterior movement

Question 55

Retraction

Answer 55

posterior movement

Question 56

Elevation

Answer 56

lifting a body part superiorly

Question 57

Depression

Answer 57

moving a body part inferiorly