Anatomy Year 1 > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 classifications of joints

A
  1. Fibrous - connected by fibrous tissue
  2. Cartilaginous - bones connected by cartilage
  3. Synovial - articulating surfaces enclosed within fluid filled joint capsule

(type of tissue)

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2
Q

Name 3 types of fibrous joints

A
  1. sutures
  2. gomphoses
  3. syndesmoses
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3
Q

Sutures are an example of?

A

Fibrous joints

found between the flat-plate like bones of the skull

limited movement

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4
Q

Gomphoses are an example of?

A

Fibrous joints

immovable

found where teeth articulate with their sockets in (maxilla) or (mandible)

-> PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

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5
Q

Periodontal ligament is an example of what type of joint

A

Fibrous

Gomphoses

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6
Q

Syndesmoses are an example of what type of joint

A

Fibrous joint

Bones held together by Interosseous membrane ***

e.g. middle radio-ulnar /tibiofibular joint

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7
Q

middle radio-ulnar /tibiofibular joint are examples of

A

Fibrous joints

Syndesmoses

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8
Q

Two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. syncondroses (primary)
  2. symhysis (secondary)
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9
Q

Synchondroses

A
  • hyaloine cartilage only
  • immovable
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10
Q

The joint between the diaphysis and epiphysis is an example of a growing long bone is what kind of joint?

A

synchondrosis - primary cartilaginous

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11
Q

Symphysis joints

A
  • bones united by a layer of fibrocartilage
  • slighly movable (amphiarthrosis)
  • ## e.g. intervertebral discs
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12
Q

Synovial joints (6)

A

Fluid filled joint cavity
contained within a fibrous capsule
- hinge
- saddle
- plane
- pivot
- condyloid
- ball and socket

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13
Q

Hinge joint

A
  • synovial
    • permits movement in one plane
  • flexion /extension
  • elbow
  • anke
  • knee
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14
Q

Saddle joint

A
  • synovial
  • carpometacarpal joints (between carpal and 1st metacarpal) - thumb
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15
Q

-Plane joint

A
  • synovial
  • glide over one and other
  • sternocostal joints (2-7)
  • costotransvere joints (ribs/transvere process)
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16
Q

Pivot joint

A
  • synovial
  • rotation only
  • atlantoaxial joint
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17
Q

Condyloid joint

A

synovial joint
- wrist joint

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18
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

synovial joint
- hip joint
- shoulder joint

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19
Q

3 main features of synovial joints

A
  1. articular capsule (fibrous and synovial layer)
  2. articular cartilage
  3. synovial fluid
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20
Q

label main features of synovial joint
(a-d)

A

a. articular cartilage
b. synovial layer of joint capsule
c. fibrous layer of joint capsule
d. joint cavity (with synovial fluid)

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21
Q

label c and function

A

fibrous layer (outer)

holds together the articulaing bones and supports joint

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22
Q

label b and function

A

synovial layer of joint capsule (synovium)

absorbs and secretes synovial fluid

mediates nutrient exchanges between blood and joint

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23
Q

label a and function

A
  • articular cartilage
  • (hyaline cartilage)
  • minimise friction between joints during movement
  • absorb shock
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24
Q

purpose of synovial fluid

A
  • lubrication
  • nutrient distribution
  • shock absorption
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25
Prevent excessive movement that could damge a joint
Ligaments join bone to bone
26
Synthesise uncalcified/unmineralised extracellular matrix called osteoid. This will later become calcified/mineralised to form bone.
Osteoblasts
27
Osteoblast
* synthesise osteiod - uncalcified/unmineralised ECM - that will later form bone (by becoming calcified/mineralised)
28
As the osteoid mineralises, the osteoblasts become entombed between lamellae in lacunae where they mature into?
Osteocytes
29
Reabsorb bone
osteoclasts
30
the ECM of bone contains
* calcium hydroxyapatite (makes hard and strong) - mineral salts * collagen fibres
31
the external surface of bone is covered by a layer of connective tissue, known as
the periosteum.
32
endosteum
lines the cavities within bone (such as the medullary canal, Volkmann’s canal and spongy bone spaces).
33
functional unit of compact bone
osteons
34
label
1. osteon 2. haversian canal 3. osteocyte 4. canaliculi
35
makes up the interior of most bones and is located deep to the compact bone. It contains many large spaces – this gives it a honeycombed appearance?
spongey bone
36
The spaces between trabeculae of spongey bone are often filled with
bone marrow
37
Yellow bone marrow contains
adipocytes
38
red bone marrow consists of
haematopoietic stem cells.
39
spongey bone does not contain
Volkmann’s or Haversian canals.
40
Endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage is replaced by osteoblasts secreting osteoid
41
hyaline cartilage is replaced by osteoblasts secreting osteoid.
endochondral ossification
42
Where mesenchymal (embryonic) tissue is condensed into bone.
Intramembranous ossification
43
Intramembranous ossification
Where mesenchymal (embryonic) tissue is condensed into bone.
44
break down bone
osteoclasts
45
lay down new osteoid.
osteoblasts
46
Osteogenesis imperfecta
abnormal synthesis of collagen from the osteoblasts. Clinical features include fragile bones, bone deformities and blue sclera.
47
Osteoporosis
* decrease in bone density, reducing its structural integrity. This is produced by osteoclast activity (bone reabsorption) outweighing osteoblast activity (bone production). * The bones are fragile, and at an increased risk of fracture. There are three types:
48
Example of axial skeleton
- cranium - vertabral column - stermun and ribs - hyoid bone
49
Axial skeleton
**central column ** *cranium/vertebral column/ribs and sternum/* fused for most part/not much movement/limited motion primary funciton is **PROTECTION**
50
Appendicular skeleton
added onto axial skeleton movement scapula, clavicle, arm, pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle, leg, foot
51
bones in vertebral column
**7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar** 5 sacral - fused 4 coccygeal - fused
52
kyphosis
excessive curvature of thoracic spine rounded upper back
53
lordosis
excessive curvature of lumbar spine
54
clavicle belongs to a. axial b. appendicular
b. appendicular
55
ribs belong to a. axial b. appendicular
axial
56
hip bone belongs to the a. axial b. appendicular
b. appendicular
57
provide a point of attachment for the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton.
shoulder and pelvic girdle
58
1
articular cartilage
59
2
spongey bone
60
3
Compact bone
61
4
medullary cavity filled with red or yellow bone marrow - produce RBC
62
5
periosteum
63
6
epiphyseal plate
64
7
metaphysis
65
8
epiphysis
66
9
diaphysis
67
bones that are longer than they are wide
Long bones (femur , humerous) **- Leverage - Blood cell production**
68
short bones
cube shaped carpals ***WEIGHT BEARING (ankles and wrists) *
69
flat
thin, flattened, slightly curved **protection!!** cranium and sternum
70
what type of bone is sternum
flat bone
71
seasamoid bone
**patella in knee embedded in patella tendon reduce friction across joint **
72
irregular bones
vertebrae individualised function
73
osteoclasts
break bones down dig resoprtion pit
74
osteoblasts
bone builders fill resoprtion pit with minerals (calcium and phosphorous) new bone is nice and strong become part of periosteum
75
What is the function of a sesamoid bone?
reduce friction across a joint e.g. patella in knee
76
example of short bone
wrist
77
example of pneumatic bone
(contains air filled cavities) SKULL
78
1
epiphysis
79
2
metaphysis
80
3
diaphysis
81
4
articular carilage
82
5
spongey bone contains red bone marrow
83
6
red bone marrow
84
7
epiphyseal line
85
8
compact bone
86
9
endosteum
87
10
nutrient artery
88
11
periosteum
89
12
articular cartilage
90
wide portion of bone
metaphysis
91
rounded end of the bone
epiphysis
92
what does the metaphysis contain
trabecular bone blood vessels marrow adipose tissue
93
1
coronoid fossa
94
2
later EPI- condyle
95
3
capitellum of condyle
96
4
trochlea of condyle
97
5
condyle (of humerous)
98
6
medial epicondyle
99
condyle
articulates with bone round shaped smooth and large
100
epi-condyle
rough and small provides a surface for muscle and ligament attachment
101
Which one of the following bones belongs to the appendicular skeleton? a. ribs b. cervical vertebrae c. sacrum d. xiphoid bone e. hip bones
e. hip bones
102
Compact bone is a. trabecular in architecture b. synthesised by osteoclasts c. resorbed by osteoblasts d. arranged circumferentially e. found in the marrow cavity
arranged circumferentially
103
compact bone is synthesised by
osteoblasts
104
compact bone is reaborbed by
osteoclasts
105
what type of bone is the patella
seasamoid
106
what type of joint is the elbow joint
SYNOVIAL -> HINGE | say both synovial + hinge
107
function of long bones
leverage/movement
108
membrane surrounding compact bone
periostium attached by collagen fibres
109
membrane surrounding the spongey bone
endosteum
110
functional unit of bone
osteon or haversian system
111
layers of haversian system
lamella (concentric lamella) inside osteon
112
osteocytes
maintain bone matrix lie within depression (lacuna)
113
function of canaculi
allow blood/nutrients to move to osteocytes nutirents /blood to osteocytes
114
(horizontal/transverse canals)
volkmans connect to central haversian canals
115
Which osteogenic (= bone-producing) cells are found in the periosteum?
osteoblasts
116
where is long bone mainly found
under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones
117
Where in a long bone is spongy bone mainly found?
epiphysis
118
Bone marrow
is a spongy substance found in the center of the bones
119
appositional bone growth
increase in WIDTH appose new issue from the outside (periosteum) onto existing bone (appos)
120
interstitial bone growth
increase in length - growth occurs via cell division in the epiphyseal growth plate - within existing bone
121
what gives rise to appositional bone growth?
periosteum
122
synovial pivot joint example movement
atlanto-axis joint rotation only!
123
synovial hinge joint example movement
knee and elbow flexion and extension
124
synovial Saddle joint example movement
Thumb - carpo-metacarpal Sternoclavicular flexion/extension + abduction/adduction
125
synovial plane joint example movement
sterno-costal joints costo-vertebral gliding movment only
126
synovial condyloid joint example movement
wrist flexion/extension adduction/abduction NO ROTATION
127
synovial ball and socket joint example movement
hip and shoulder flexion/extension aduction/abduction circumduction
Anatomy Year 1
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