Anatomy Year 1 > CVS workbook > Flashcards

CVS workbook Flashcards

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1
Q

The mediastinum is subdivided into a superior and inferior mediastinum at what level anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Anteriorly -> the sternomanubrial joint (Sternal angle)

Posteriorly -> T4

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2
Q

Label

A

Mediastinums :
a. Superior
———- sterna’s angle /T4
b. Inferior
c. Posterior
d. Middle
e. Anterior

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3
Q

Label

A

a. Fibrous pericardium (layer)
b. parietal pericardium (outer serous layer)
c. visceral pericardium (inner serous layer) -also “epicardium”
d. pericardial cavity
e. myocardium
f. endocardium

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4
Q

Label C and D (pericardium layers)

A

C. Firbrous pericardium

D. Serous pericardium

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5
Q

Label A and B (great vessels)

A

a. ascending aorta

b. pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

a.

A

Fibrous pericardium

-tough connective tissue
- non-distensible/rigid
- continous with diaphragm (Central tendon)

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7
Q

Functions of fibrous pericardium

A
  1. Non-distensible - stops the heart from overfilling with blood/increasing in size rapidly
  2. Fixes heart in mediastinum due to attachments (Central tendon/sternum )
  3. Protection from infection - physical barrier between muscular body and adjacent organs that are prone to infection (e.g. lungs)
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8
Q

b.

A

Parietal (Serous) pericardium

single layer of squamous mesothelium (Epithelium)

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9
Q

c

A

Pericardial cavity

lubricating serous fluid

reduces friction/generated when the heart moves

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10
Q

d.

A

visceral pleura/epicardium

serous pericardium

single layer of squamos epithelium (mesothelium)

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11
Q

e and f

A

e. myocardium

f. endocardium

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12
Q

Which bone forms the anterior boarder of the superior mediastinum?

A

Manubirum of sternum

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13
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae form the posterior boader of the superior mediatstinum?

A

Veterbal bodies of T1-T4

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14
Q

Which plane separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?

A

Sternomanubrial plane - runs from the sternal angle (the angle formed by the junction of the sternal body and manubrium) to the T4 vertebrae:

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15
Q

The three major branches of the aortic arch arise within the superior mediastinum?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic artery – supplying the right side of the head & neck and the right upper limb.
  2. Left Common carotid artery – to the left side of the head & neck.
  3. Left Subclavian artery – to the left upper limb.
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16
Q

Veins within the superior mediastinum?

A

Left and RIght Brachiocephalic veins – draining blood from the upper body.

Superior vena cava

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17
Q

Nerves within the superior mediastinum?

A

Vagus and Phrenic nerves

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18
Q

Structures within superior mediastinum?

A

ο Arteries: aortic arch and its 3 main branches (brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian artery)
ο Veins: left and right brachiocephalic veins and SVC
ο Nerves: vagus & phrenic nerves. ο Trachea
ο Oesophagus
- thymus

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19
Q

Contenets of anterior mediastinum

A
  • sternopericardial ligament
    (tether pericardium to sternum)
  • lowest part of thymus gland
  • Lymph nodes/fat
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20
Q

Contents of middle mediastinum

A
  • Heart enclosed in pericardium.
  • Ascending aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Lower half of SVC
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
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21
Q

Posterior boarder of posterior mediastinum?

A

thoracic bodies of T5-T12

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22
Q

Structures within posterior mediastinum

A
  • esophagus
  • Descending aorta - thoracic aorta
  • Azygous vein
  • Hemiazygos vein/accessory hemiazygos vein
  • Thoracic duct
  • Sympathetic Trunk
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23
Q

label

A

a. SVC
b. Azygos vein
c. arotic arch
d. Accessory hemiazygos vein
e. Hemiazygous vein

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24
Q

what mediastinum is the thymus in?

A

superior

anterior (lower half)

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25
What mediastinum is the descending aorta in?
Posterior
26
which mediastinum is the oesphagus in?
superior posterior
27
which mediastinum is the thoracic duct in
superior /posterior
28
Which mediastinum is the sympathetic trunk in?
Posterior
29
which mediastinum is the azygos vein in
posterior
30
which mediastinum is the trachea in
superior
31
Purpose of the pericardial cavity
Lubricates two surfaces so they can rub against each other without any friction.
32
The most superficial layer of the pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
33
The pericardial cavity lies between which 2 of layers of pericardium?
Parietal (outer) and Visceral (inner) - (also part of the heart wall "epicardium"_
34
Name the heart wall layers from inside to outside
1. Endocardium 2. Myocardium 3. Epicardium (Visceral pleura)
35
Describe the function of the Endocardium
provides a scaffolding for the heart chambers and assists in contraction/relaxation Regulates contractions and aids embyrological development - lines the cavities and valves of the heart and keeps blood seperate from myocardium - loose connective tissue - single layer of simple sqaumous epithelium
36
Describe the function of the Myocardium
- contraction of the heart -composed of many laters of cardiac muscle (involuntary/striated)
37
Describe the Epicardium
also part of pericardium (visceral pleura) simple sqaumous epithelium secretes small amount of lubricating fluid into the pericardial cavity
38
Which pericardial layer also forms a part of the heart wall?
Visceral pericaridum (forms epicardium)
39
Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal pericardium
40
What protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium?
It stops the heart from overfilling/increasing in size rapidly (non-distensible /rigid/ tough connective tissue Also protects from protection - barrier between inner cardiac muscle and outside organs
41
Cardiac tamponade occurs when?
Excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity Increases pressure on the heart wall and impedes normal filling of the heart. (Fibrous pericardium is inextensible - pericardial effusion -> cannot expand- increased pressure - chambers compressed - compromised cardiac output)
42
How is the visceral pleura innvervated?
Automatic innervation T1-T4 nerves Vagus nerve (via cardiac plexus) insensitive to pain
43
How is the parietal and fibrous pleura innervated?
The phrenic nerve (C3-C5) mainly - embedded in fibrous pericardium on lateral side of heart Provides somatic innervation (sensory) Parietal layer - can feel pain
44
Which layer/s of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibers?
Pain from pericardium originates in the parietal layer only and is transmitted by the phrenic nerve
45
The fibrous and parietal pericardium recieve blood from where?
pericardiacophrenic artery - branch of thoracic artery (branches off subclavian artery)
46
Where does the internal thoracic artery branch off?
The subclavian arteries
47
What supplies the visceral pleura (epicardium) with blood?
the coronary artries of the heart!
48
how many boarders does the heart have?
4 (superior, inferior, left right)
49
what makes up the superior boarder of the heart
right atrium and left atrium Great vessels (SVC, aorta, pulmonary trunk)
50
what makes up the inferior boarder of the heart
right ventricle (2/3) left ventricle (1/3)
51
what makes up the right boarder of the heart
Right atrium
52
What makes up the left boarder of heart
Left ventricle and apex (apex formed entirely by left ventricle) - little of LA
53
How many surfaces of the heart are there?
3 1. Sternoncostal (RA , RV, LV) 2. diaphragmatic (RV, LV) 3. Postior /base (LA and RA)
54
Where does the LA lie?
completely posterior surface - immediately antierior. tothe osephagus
55
What surface covers the Right atrium, Right ventricle and Left ventricle
The sternocostal surface
56
which surface covers the right ventricle and left ventricle (back)
diaphragmatic surface
57
Which surface covers the left atrium?
Posterior/base Left atrium lies wholly posteriorly - in front of oesphagus
58
function of auricles
- muscular pouches that extend from atria - increases blood holding capacity of the heart
59
Label 1
1. opening for SVC
60
label 2
Fossa ovalis of RA
61
Label 3
Opening for right IVC
62
label 4
Right Auricle
63
Label 5
interatrial septum
64
label 6
pectinate muscles
65
label 7
Crista terminalis
66
label 8
tricuspid valve
67
label 9
Opening/valve of coronary sinus
68
label
1. opening for coronary sinus 2. Fossa ovalis of RA 3. Valve of IVC 4. Valve of coronary sinus 5. Pectinate muscle 7. Right Auricle 8. Crista terminalis
69
What is the name of the internal smooth muscular ridge that divides the right atrium?
The interior surface of the right atrium can be divided into two parts, each with a distinct embryological origin. They are separated by a muscular ridge called the crista terminalis.
70
The right atrium forms what boarder of the heart?
Right boarder
71
What is the function of the right auricle
a muscular pouch that acts to increase the capacity of the atrium.
72
solid muscular wall that separates the right and left atria.
interatrial septum
73
solid muscular wall that separates the right and left atria.
interatrial septum
74
small oval-shaped depression in wall of right atrium
Fossa ovalis - remnant of foramen ovale in fetal heart (allows right to left shunting of blood to bypass lungs) - - should close once new born takes it first breath
75
what is fossa ovalis a remnant of
foramen ovale in fetal heart (allows right to left shunting of blood to bypass lungs) - - should close once new born takes it first breath
76
Atrial Septal Defect
abnormal opening in the interatrial septum, persistent after birth. The most common site is the foramen ovale, and this is known as a patent foramen ovale.
77
Fossa Ovalis
small oval shaped depression on the septal wall of the right atrium
78
which chamber of heart is this
right ventricle
79
label right ventricle
1. pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries 2. pulmonary valve 3. moderator band 4. papillary muscles 5. Chordae tendinae 6. tricuspid valve cusp 7. Trabeculae carnea
80
label 1 and 2
1. left pulmonary veins (superior/inferior) 2. Left atrium Left atrium is located entirely posterosuperiorly Forms Base of heart (posterior boarder) immediately posterior to it lies the oesphagus
81
what heart chamber is this
left ventricle
82
label the left ventricle
1. papillary muscle 2. chordae tindineae 3. Mitrial valve - bicuspid 4. Trabeculae carneae 5. Aortic valve
83
Ventricular Septal Defect
hole in wall between ventriles - usually congenital
84
14
ligamentum arteriosum
85
36
right pulmonary veins
86
35
left pulmonary veins
87
13
pulmonary artery
88
13
left pulmonary artery -> from pulmonary trunk
89
17
coronary sinus
90
35
left pulmonary veins
91
24
posterior interventricular artery
92
15
SVC
93
16
orifice (opening) of the inferior vena cava
94
13
left pulmonary artery
95
23
circumflex artery
96
36
right pulmonary veins
97
37
aortic arch
98
5
right common carotid
99
2
brachiocephalic trunk
100
11
vagus nerve
101
9
right internal thoracic artery
102
12
pulmonary trunk
103
8
brachial artery
104
13
heart
105
7
axillary artery
Anatomy Year 1
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