Anatomy & Physiology Series > Brain (FINAL) > Flashcards

Brain (FINAL) Flashcards

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1
Q
A

Frontal Lobe

Part of Cerebrum

  1. Motor control (voluntary motor skills)
  2. Motor speech
  3. Concentration, planning, & problem solving
  4. “Thinking”
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2
Q
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Parietal Lobe

Cerebrum

  1. Somato-sensory cortex = feeling/touch
    1. “Feeling” your body
  2. Understanding speech & using words
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3
Q
A

Occipital Lobe

Cerebrum

  1. Visual cortex = vision
  2. Process of “seeing” an image
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4
Q
A

Temporal Lobe

Cerebrum

  1. Hearing (pitches)
  2. Recognizing auditory patterns (“what am I hearing?”)
  3. Memories
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5
Q
A

Cerebellum

  • Function: balance, coordination, & motor control
  • “The bell of the ball loves to dance”
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6
Q

The brain stem is composed of what parts?

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
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7
Q

What are the two parts of the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Life support
  2. Decussation of pyramids
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8
Q

The life support function of the brain is found where?

A

Medulla oblongata in the brain stem

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9
Q

The decussation of pyramids is found where in the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata in the brain stem

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10
Q

The pons is found where on the brain?

A

The brain stem

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11
Q

The medulla oblongata is found __________ the pons

A

Below

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12
Q

What is the function of the life support function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Life Support

  • Breathing
  • Heart rate
  • Heart beat
  • Vomitting
  • Coughing
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13
Q

What is the function of the decussation of pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

A

Decussation of Pyramids

  • Cross over nerve tracts
    • Right side of the brain crosses over to the left side of the body
    • Left side of the brain crosses over to the right side of the body
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14
Q

What is the pons?

A

Pons = “bridge”

  • The pons is a bridge from the lower brain (brain stem) to the upper brain (the higher brain)
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15
Q

What are the two functions of the pons?

A
  1. Bridge between the brain stem (lower brain) and upper brain (higher brain)
  2. Regulates breathing
    1. The pons tells the body how fast, slow, deep, shallow your breathing should be
    2. More complex breathng
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16
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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17
Q

What is another name for mesencephalan?

A

Midbrain

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18
Q

What are the components of the mesencephalan?

A

Mesencephalan

  1. Corpora quadrigemina
  2. Cerebral aqueduct
  3. Cerebral pedunc;e
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19
Q

What are the components of the midbrain?

A

Midbrain

  1. Corpora quadrigemina
  2. Cerebral aqueduct
  3. Cerebral peduncle
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20
Q

What is the function of the corpora quadrigemina

A

Corpora Quadrigemina

  1. Involuntary eye reflexes
    1. Dilating and constricting pupils
    2. Blinking
  2. Involuntary ear reflexes
    1. Ringing and muffles
    2. Turning ear to sound (turning and listening)
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21
Q

What is the function of the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

  • The function of the cerebral aqueduct is to move/drain cerebrospinal fluid out of the brain
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22
Q

What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?

A

Cerebral Peduncles

  • Peduncle = tracts (nerve bundles/ fibers)
  • The cerebral peduncle connects the lower brain to the higher brain
    • Carries information from the lower to higher parts of the brain
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23
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellum

  • Balance, coordination, and motor control
  • “The bell of the ball wants to dance”
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24
Q

What part of the brain is considered the “second brain”

A

Diencephalon

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25
What are the components of the diencephalon?
Diencephalon 1. Thalamas 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus
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What part of the diencephalon is considered the "second brain"?
Thalamus
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What is the function of the thalamus?
Thalamus * "Telephone operator" 1. Sorter/switchboard/ brain's router 1. Projection = to send the signal to different places 2. Senses pain and temperature
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Hypothalamus 1. Homeostasis 1. Negative & positive feedback 2. Drives 1. Hunger, thirst, sex
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What is the function of the epithalamus?
Epithalamus? 1. Contains the **pineal body/gland** 1. ​Pineal gland makes the hormone melatonin 2. Contains **choroid plexus** 1. **​**Choroid plexus makes CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) with ependymal cells 2. Four choroid plexi
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What part of the brain and area is the choroid plexus?
Diencephalon (second brain) in the epithalamus
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What is the function of the choroid plexus?
Choroid plexus * Makes CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
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What type of cells make CSF?
Ependymal cells
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How many choroid plexi are there?
Four choroid plexi * One in each ventricle
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Where is the CSF made?
Choroid plexus located in the epithalamus
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The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) comes from the _first_ two ventricles called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
Lateral ventricles
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The lateral ventricles drain into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Third ventricle
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The third ventricle drains into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cerebral aqueduct
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What is the purpose of the cerebral aqueduct?
The cerebral aqueduct is a "draining tube"
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The cerebral aqueduct drains into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fourth ventricle
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From the fourth ventricle the CSF flows from what two plexus?
1. Subarachnoid space 1. Around the brain and meninges 2. Central canal 1. Down the spinal cord
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From the subarachnoid space the CSF drains to what?
Arachnoid villi
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What is the function of the arachnoid villi?
Arachnoid Villi * The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains out of the arachnoid villi into the bloodstream to make plasma
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What part of the brain is considered the "thinking part"?
Cerebrum
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What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Frontal lobe is part of the cerebrum 1. Voluntary motor control 2. Motor speech 1. Broca's area 3. "Thinking" 1. Concentration, planning, problem solving
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Where is the Broca's area located?
Frontal lobe of cerebrum (left hemisphere)
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What is the function of Broca's area?
Motor speech
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What does the parietal lobe control?
Parietal Lobe 1. Somato-sensory cortex 1. Touch/feeling 2. "Feeling your body" 2. Wernicke's area 1. Understanding speech 2. Using language correctly
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Where in the brain is Wernicke's area located?
Parietal lobe of the cerebrum
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What is the function of Wernicke's Area?
Wernicke's Area 1. Understanding speech 2. Using language correctly
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What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Occipital lobe 1. Visual cortex = **vision** 1. Processes the "seeing" of an image
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What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Temporal lobe 1. Hearing (pitches) 1. Recognizes auditory patterns to recognize words 2. "What am I hearing?" 2. Memories
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The **anterior cerebral artery** supplies blood to what parts of the cerebrum?
* Frontal lobe * Parietal lobe
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The **middle cerebral artery** supplies blood to what parts of the cerebrum?
* Frontal lobe * Temporal lobe
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The **posterior cerebral artery** supplies blood to what parts of the cerebrum?
* Occipital lobe * Temporal lobe
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Olfactory
* Number: I * Origin: olfactory epithelium * Foramen: cribiform plate * Function: smell * Type: sensory
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Optic
* Number: II * Origin: retina * Foramen: orbital canals * Function: vision * Type: Sensory
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Oculomotor
* Number: III * Origin: Midbrain * Foramen: superior orbital fissure * Function: eye movement (eyelids, eyebrows, "winking") * Type: motor
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Trochlear
* Number: IV * Origin: midbrain * Foramen: superior orbital fissure * Function: moves eye = superior oblique * Type: motor
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Trigeminal
* Number: V * Origin: face * Foramen: * Superior orbital fissure * Foramen ovale * Foramen rotundum * Function: jaw, teeth, face bones * Type: both
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Abducens
* Number: VI * Origin: pons * Foramen: superior orbital fissure * Function: moves eyes = lateral rectus * Type: motor
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Facial
* Number: VII * Origin: pons * Foramen: internal acoustic meatus * Function: facial expressions and tastes * Type: both
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Vestibulocochlear
* Number: VIII * Origin: inner ear * Foramen: internal acoustic meatus * Function: "inner ear" balance and hearing * Type: sensory
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Glossopharygeal
* Number: IX * Origins: medulla * Foramen: juglar foramen * Function: back of throat "gag" * Type: both
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Vagus
* Number: X * Origins: medulla * Foramen: juglar foramen * Function: internal organs * Type: both
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Accessory (Spinal)
* Number: XI * Origin: medulla and spinal cord * Foramen: foramen magnum and juglar foramen * Function: neck muscles * Type: motor
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Hypoglossal
* Number: XII * Origin: medulla * Foramen: Hypoglossal canal * Function: below tongue * Type: motor
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What is the meaning of the **functional areas of the brain?**
**Functional Areas of the Brain** are not places in the brain but things your brain does
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What are the three components of the _functional areas of the brain?_
1. Reticular activating system (RAS) 2. Basal ganglia (nuclei) 3. Limbic system
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What does the RAS comprise of?
* Reticular activating system (RAS) is comprised of "a brunch of stuff" * Not a single area of the brain
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What is the function of RAS?
The function of the reticular activating system (RAS) is to _"wake up" the brain and filter consciousness_
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The two functions of RAS are?
1. "Wake up" the brain 2. Filter consciousness
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Where is the location of RAS?
1. Brainstem 2. Mesencephalon ("middle brain")
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If someone is in a coma what functional area of the brain is turned off?
* The recticular activating system (RAS) is turned off therefore the brain can't "wake up"
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How do you wake up in the morning?
* You wake up in the morning from neurotransmitters that activate the RAS
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What does the term **"basal"** pertain in _basal ganglia?_
* **Basal** = motor (moving) algorithms (series of choices) * Sequence of commands
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What does the term "**ganglia**" pertain in basal ganglia?
* "Ganglia" = comes up with commonds to make "motor" happen
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What two pathways does the basal ganglia take?
1. Direct pathway 1. Excites muscles 2. Turns "on" 2. Indirect pathway 1. Relaxes/ inhibits muscles 2. Turns "off"
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What does the direct pathway do in terms of the basal ganglia?
Direct pathway 1. Excites muscles 2. Turns "on"
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What does the indirect pathway do in terms of the basal ganglia?
Indirect Pathway 1. Relaxes/ inhibits muscles 2. Turns "off"
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What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Function of the Basal Ganglia * The basal ganglia "_calculates" via direct and indirect pathways_ of how to move (motor)
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In terms of the basal ganglia grabbing a ball is an example of what pathway?
Direct pathway * Excites muscles * Turns "on"
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In terms of the basal ganglia letting go of a ball is an example of what pathway?
Indirect Pathway * Relax/ inhibit muscles * Turns "off"
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What are two common diseases of the basal ganglia?
1. Parkinson's Disease 2. Huntington's Disease
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What pathway does Parkinson's disease affect in the basal ganglia?
* Parkinson's disease _stops_ the direct pathway * Ex: Parts of the body want to walk but cannot
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Huntington's Disease affects what pathway of the basal ganglia?
* Huntington's disease is due to neurotransmitters constantly going causes damage to the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia * "Wrong coding" given to the muscles * Dage to the indirect pathway
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Which functional areas of the brain is comprised of a system of "on" and "off" switches that dictate motor movement?
Basal ganglia
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What disease of the basal ganglia arise when the balance of the "on" and "off" switches is damaged?
1. Parkinson's Disease 1. Direct pathway ("on") affected 2. Huntington's Disease 1. Indirect pathway ("off") affected/damaged
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What does the limbic system comprise of?
The limbic system comprises of: * Emotions * Memories * "Cravings" (choices)
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How does the limbic system act as a functional unit?
Memory⇒Emotions⇒"Cravings" (choices)
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What are the parts of the limbic system?
Parts of the limbic system (working as a unit) 1. Amgydala (emotions) 2. Hippocampus (memory)
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What is the insula in terms of the limbic system?
Insula * The _choices_ (cravings) you make are based on your _emotions_ from a _memory_ * EX * Smoking →Good expereince →Good memory * Negative/positive emotional memories →responses ("cravings")
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What is the ambiguity aversion?
Ambiguity aversion * In decision theory and economics, ambiguity aversion (also known as uncertainity aversion) is a preference for known risks over unknown risks
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How are choices made in the limbic system?
Choices made in the limbic system affect the body by: * Emotions * Memories * Choices (cravings)
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is part of which system?
Limbic system
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What does the ANS have control over?
ANS controls involuntary body organs
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What two sub-systems is the ANS divided into?
ANS Divided into: 1. Sympathetic system 1. "Fight or flight" 2. Parasympathetic system 1. "Rest and digest"
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What mental state is someone when in the sympathetic system?
Sympathetic system = "flight or fight" * Scared and stressed
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What type of mental state is a person in the parasympathetic system?
Parasympathetic system = "rest and digest" * Sleepy and wants to eat
100
What is the location of the nerves for the sympathetic system?
Location of Sympathetic System Nerves: * Thoraco-lumbar system
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What is the length of the _pre-ganglionic_ fibers of the _sympathetic system_?
Short pre-ganglionic fibers "Having a short fuse"
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What is the **length** of the **post ganglionic fibers** of of the **sympathetic** system?
Long post ganglionic fibers
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What type of _neurotransmitter_ is used in the _sympathetic system_ between _pre and post ganglionic fibers?_
**Acetycholine** between pre & post
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What type of _neurotransmitter_ is used between the _post ganglionic fiber and the organ for the sympathetic system_?
**Norepinephrine** between post & organ
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What is another name for the sympathetic system?
Sympathetic system = **adrenergic** * Adrenergic means NE (norepinephrine) is at the organ * "Turning on adrenaline"
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What type of receptors are in the sympathetic system?
Sympathetic Receptors * Alpha * Types 1 & 2 * Beta * Types 1 &2 1= excite 2= inhibit
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What is the location of the nerves for the parasympathetic system?
Location of the parasympathetic nerves: * Cranio-sacral system
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What is the **length** of the **pre-ganglionic** fibers of the **parasympathetic** system?
Long pre-ganglionic fibers "Having a long fuse"
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What is the **length** of the **post ganglionic** fibers for the **parasympathetic** system?
Short post ganglionic fibers
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What type of _neurotransmitter_ is used between the _pre and post ganglionic fibers_ of the _parasympathetic_ system?
Acetycholine (ACH) between pre and post ganglionic fibers
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What type of neurotransmitter is used between the post ganglionic fiber and the organ for the parasympathetic system?
Acetycholine (ACH) between post ganglionic fiber and organ
112
What is another name for the parasympathetic system?
Parasympathetic system = **cholinergic** * ​​​ACh at the organ * Turns on the "rest and digest"
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What types of receptors are in the parasympathetic system?
Receptors of the Parasympathetic System: * Nicotinic = excite organ * Muscarnic = inhibit organ
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What does it mean when something is an **antagonist?**
Antagonist = turns off
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What does it mean when something is an **agonist?**
Agonist = turns on
116
What are the three types of receptors for special senses?
Special Sense Receptors 1. Photo-receptors 2. Mechano-receptors 3. Chemo-receptors
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What are photo-receptors?
Photo-receptors 1. "Light" receptors 2. Used for sight
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How does hearing occur?
Hearing occurs via mechano-receptors vibration→ear→vestibularcholar nerve→temporal lobe & cerebellum
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How does sight occur?
Sight occurs via photo-receptors: light→retina→optic nerve→occipitual lobe
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What are mechano-receptors?
Mechano-receptors * Mechano = vibration * Used for hearing
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What are chemo-receptors?
Chemo-receptors 1. Chemo = chemicals 2. Taste and smell
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How does taste and smell occur?
Taste and smell occur due to chemo-receptors Chemicals →nose/tongue→limbic system
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What is the function of the cornea?
Cornea * Eye's protection * Eye's "course focus" * Bends the light
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What is the function of the aqueous humor?
Aqueous Humor * Refracts the light
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What is the function of the lens?
Lens * Eye's "fine focus" * Bends the light
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What is the function of the vitreous humor?
Vitreous humor * Refracts the light
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What is the function of the retina?
Retina * Has photo-receptors (light receptors) * Rods (black, white, gray) * Cones (color)
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What is the function of the optic nerve?
Optic nerve * Takes information from photoreceptors to the brain
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What is the function of the occipital lobe for sight?
Occipital Lobe * "Sight" * Perception of what you are seeing
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What is the pathway from light to the occipital lobe for sight?
Light→cornea→aqueous humor→lens→vitreous humor→ →retina (rods and cones)→ →optic nerve→occipital lobe
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The retina has what type of photo-receptor?
Rods & Cones
132
What types of things can rods "see"?
Rods can pick up on: * Black * White * Shades of grey
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What is the light level for rods?
Rods work in dim and bright light
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What is the location of rods?
Rods are located in the **peripheral of the retina**
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What is acuity?
Acuity is the sharpness of vision
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What is the acuity of rods?
Rods have **low acuity**
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Rods respond to/ are activated by what?
Rods are activated by **motion in the vision's field (temporal)** * "Seeing a flickering" * _Knowing_ that something is moving
138
What do the cones of the retina "see"?
Cones see colors (blue, red, green)
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What light levels do cones work in?
Cones work _only_ in bright light * Cones can't work in dim light
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What is the location of the cones?
Cones are located in the _center of the retina (forea)_
141
Wat is the acuity of cones?
Cones have high (**clear**) acuity * Detailed acuity
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What do cones respond to/ activation?
Cones respond to/ are activated by: * Patterns in the vision field * "See _what_ is happening"
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"The eyes are the __________ but the brain ________ the image"
"The eyes are the **cameras** but the brain **constructs** the image"
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What is color blindness?
* The brain assumes that the color is not there * There are **no cones** for that color therefore the **brain creats color that the eye (really the cones) detects**
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What is color adaption?
Color Adaption * Color adaption is due to nerve fatigue * The nerves (photo-receptors) turn off but the brain doesn't turn off * The cones get tired and begin to turn off
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You are seeing yellow dots turn into blue dots. What is this an example of and why?
Color Adaption * The cones (R & G) are becoming tired and turning off and the **brain** recieves this information and improvises * The photo-receptors (R & G cones) shut off and the brain "sees" blue instead of yellow
147
What is (Color) habituation?
(Color) Habituation * When the brain ignores the neurons of the photoreceptors * The brain turns off
148
Starting from the external ear and ending with the mechano-receptors, list the order of sound.
External ear→Eardrum→Ossicles→Cochlea→ →Fluid in cochlea→Movement of hair cells→ →Mechano-receptors
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What does the eardrum do?
Eardrum vibrates
150
What is the function of the ossicles?
Ossicles = tiny ear bones Vibrates
151
What does the cochlea have?
Cochlea has mechano-receptors
152
What is inside the cochlea?
Cochlea has fluid and mechano-receptors
153
Movement of the fluid inside the cochlea moves what type of cell?
Moves hair cells
154
What is the function of hair cells?
Hair Cells * The vibrations in the cochlear fluid move the hair cells * The movement of the hair cells in turn vibrate the mechano-receptors * Movement of the mechano-receptors are interpretted in the temporal lobe of the brain
155
What is the function of the semi-circular canal?
Function of Semi-Circular Cana * Full of fluid for **balance** * **Detects motion**
156
What does the vestibule contain?
1. Fluid 2. Otoliths
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What is the purpose of fluid in the vestibule?
Vestibule is full of fluid * Detects gravity and acceleration (where is up and down)
158
What is the purpose of otoliths in the vestibule?
Otoliths = ear rocks * Bends the hair cells to tell what is up and down
159
What is vertigo?
Vertigo * When the brain can't decide what is true about balance * The brain can't figure out what is up and what is down
160
What are the factors for the brain processing motion?
Brain Processing 1. Vision 2. Semicircular canals (head position) 3. Vestibule (ear rocks) 4. Muscle and joints (proprioreception)
161
What causes car sickness?
Car/Motion Sickness * When the brain can't believe the senses because they are sending off mixed messages * More common to have problems associated with * Semicircular canals (head position) * Vestibule (ear rocks)
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