1
Q
Peritoneum: Two layers
A
Visceral (serosal) layer attached to viscera and Parietal layer lining wall of peritoneal cavity
2
Q
Peritoneum: How are layers connected?
A
Two layers continuous and form peritoneal sac containing capillary space
3
Q
Peritoneal reduplications: What are they?
A
Connections between visceral and parietal peritoneum forming thin tissue laminae carrying vessels and nerves to organs; called ligaments
4
Q
Intraperitoneal position: Definition
A
Organs completely enveloped by peritoneum
5
Q
Greater omentum: Description and attachments
A
Hangs like curtain covering anterior surface of small intestine; hangs from stomach over small intestine, attaches to transverse colon and its mesentery on inferior edge
6
Q
Lesser omentum: Attachments
A
Extends superiorly from liver to lesser curvature of stomach and proximal duodenum
7
Q
Stomach: Location
A
Most dilated part of digestive system; situated between esophagus and small intestine
8
Q
Stomach: Functions
A
Digestion, temporary storing and absorption of food
9
Q
Pyloric orifice: Description and level
A
Communication between stomach and duodenum; has pyloric sphincter; behind 10th rib at level of L1-L2 vertebrae
10
Q
Small intestine: Components
A
Duodenum and rest of small intestine (6m total): jejunum (initial 2/5) and ileum (rest 3/5)
11
Q
Duodenum: Course
A
Starts from pylorus; directed upwards and left, enclosing head of pancreas; up to duodenojejunal flexure at left side of L1-L2 vertebrae
12
Q
Duodenum: Length
A
28-30 cm
13
Q
Duodenum: 4 parts
A
1) First/hepatic part 2) Second/descending/renal part 3) Third/horizontal/preaortic part 4) Fourth/ascending part
14
Q
Duodenum and bile duct: Where do they open?
A
Bile duct and pancreatic duct open into middle of duodenum (second part)
15
Q
Duodenojejunal flexure: What is it?
A
Beginning of other 2 parts of small intestine (jejunum and ileum)
16
Q
Mesentery: What does it connect?
A
Jejunum and ileum (merge without definite borders)
17
Q
Mesentery: Fixation
A
Fixed at root (radix mesentery) to posterior abdominal wall
18
Q
Mesentery: Function
A
Carries vessels and nerves
19
Q
Mesentery: Length and level
A
Measures 15 cm long; from level of L2 vertebra to right sacroiliac joint
20
Q
Large intestine: Length
A
1.3 m long
21
Q
Large intestine: Components
A
Ileocecal valve-appendix-cecum, Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), Rectum, Anus
22
Q
Teniae coli: Number and changes
A
3 in colon, 2 in sigmoid, 0 in rectum
23
Q
Teniae coli: What are they?
A
External longitudinal muscles compressed into three 1 cm wide longitudinal muscles
24
Q
Teniae coli: Three types
A
Tenia libera (anteriorly), Tenia omentalis (posteriorly and laterally), Tenia mesocolica (posteriorly and medially at transverse colon)
25
Tenia mesocolica: Rows
2 rows in transverse colon, 1 in other parts, 0 in cecum
26
Haustra: Definition
Sacculations of colon
27
Semilunar folds: Definition
Folds that protrude into lumen of colon
28
Appendices epiploicae: Definition
Small projecting appendages of fat from subserosa of colon
29
Rectum borders: Identification
Level where haustra, appendices epiploicae and teniae coli are flattened to become muscular
30
Rectum: Intra- and extraperitoneal parts
Has both intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal portions
31
Liver: Surfaces and margins
Anterior margin, Right margin, Left margin, Diaphragmatic/superior surface, Visceral/inferior surface, Posterior surface
32
Liver: Lower surface grooves
Right sagittal groove, Left sagittal groove, Porta hepatis
33
Porta hepatis: Incoming structures
Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Nerves
34
Porta hepatis: Outgoing structures
Ductus hepaticus, Lymph vessels
35
Liver: Posterior surface
Extraperitoneal
36
Liver ligaments: Names
Left triangular, Right triangular, Coronary ligament, Falciform ligament
37
Lesser omentum: Right area structure
Hepatoduodenal ligament
38
Hepatoduodenal ligament: Contents
Choledochus duct, Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Epiploic foramen
39
Hepatic vessels: Afferent
Hepatic artery, Portal vein
40
Hepatic vessels: Efferent
Hepatic veins
41
Gallbladder and ducts: System
Right and left hepatic ducts → Common hepatic duct, Gallbladder and cystic duct, Common bile duct
42
Pancreas: Appearance
Creamy pink in color with soft to firm consistency and lobulated surface
43
Pancreas: Location and orientation
Elongated organ (flattened 'tongue') approximately 15 cm, mainly retroperitoneal, lies obliquely across posterior abdominal wall at level of L1-L2 vertebral bodies
44
Pancreas: Regions traversed
Traverses epigastric, left hypochondriac, and small portion of umbilical region
45
Pancreas: Five parts
Head, Uncinate process, Neck, Body, Tail
46
Pancreas: Anterior relations
Stomach, lesser sac (omental bursa), transverse mesocolon
47
Pancreas: Posterior relations
Aorta, IVC, right renal artery, right and left renal veins, superior mesenteric vessels, splenic vein, hepatic portal vein, left kidney, left suprarenal gland, common bile duct
48
Pancreas: Superior relation
Splenic artery
49
Pancreas: Lateral relation
Spleen
50
Pancreas: Medial relation
Duodenum (descending and horizontal parts)
51
Pancreas neck: Important relationship
Part lying anterior to formation of portal vein (usually union of superior mesenteric and splenic veins) in transpyloric plane
52
Pancreas neck: Clinical significance
Crucial relationship when evaluating pancreatic cancer; malignant involvement of these vessels may make resection impossible
53
Pancreatic ducts: Function
System that supplies duodenum with pancreatic juice from exocrine pancreas; aids digestion
54
Main pancreatic duct (Wirsung): Course
Extends within entire pancreatic parenchyma from tail to head
55
Main pancreatic duct: Position
Lies midway between superior and inferior borders, usually slightly more towards posterior surface
56
Main pancreatic duct: Connection
Connects with bile duct in head of pancreas to form hepatopancreatic duct (ampulla of Vater)
57
Main pancreatic duct: Formation
Formed by junction of several lobular (secondary) ducts in tail; increases in caliber in body as receives further lobular ducts joining at right angles ('herringbone' pattern)
58
Accessory pancreatic duct (Santorini): Communication and opening
Communicates with main pancreatic duct at level of pancreatic neck; opens into descending part of duodenum at minor duodenal papilla
59
Accessory pancreatic duct: Most common arrangement
Single main and single accessory duct (reflects embryological development of dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts)
60
Spleen: Anatomical connections
Phrenocolic ligament, gastric vessels, left kidney, splenic vessels, pancreas, left colic flexure
61
Spleen: Diaphragmatic surface
Convex and smooth; facing superior, posterior and lateral
62
Spleen: Contact with ribs
In contact with abdominal surface of diaphragm and 9th, 10th, 11th ribs
63
Spleen: Clinical note
Danger of rupture after fracture of ribs
64
Spleen: Lung relation
Lower part of left lung located between spleen and thoracic cage
65
Spleen: Anatomic relations
Stomach, Tail of pancreas, Left colic flexure, Greater omentum, Left kidney
66
Retroperitoneal space: Contents
Pancreas and other retroperitoneal structures
67
Portal vein: Branches
Follow branches of hepatic artery: Interlobular veins → Intralobular veins → Sinusoid capillaries
68
Abdominal aorta: Emergence
Emerges from aortic orifice of diaphragm at level of T12 vertebra
69
Abdominal aorta: Course
Begins anterior and to left of vertebral column; continues downwards for about 10 cm
70
Abdominal aorta: Bifurcation level
Lower part of body of L4 vertebra into left and right common iliac arteries
71
Abdominal aorta: Bifurcation skin projection
Projected 2.5 cm below and to left of umbilicus
72
Coeliac trunk: What does it supply?
Major artery supplying foregut of gastrointestinal tract
73
Coeliac trunk: Level of origin
Arises from abdominal aorta at level of twelfth thoracic vertebra
74
Coeliac trunk: Three major branches
1) Left gastric 2) Common hepatic 3) Splenic arteries
75
Coeliac trunk: Structures supplied
Abdominal esophagus, Stomach, Superior duodenum to major papilla, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Spleen
76
Superior mesenteric artery: Level of origin
Arises from abdominal aorta at level of first lumbar vertebral body L1, approximately 1 cm below coeliac trunk
77
Superior mesenteric artery: What does it supply?
Midgut
78
Superior mesenteric artery: Initial course
Forwards and downwards; travels posterior to neck of pancreas and splenic vein
79
Superior mesenteric artery: Relationship to vein
Usually found running to left side of superior mesenteric vein
80
Superior mesenteric artery: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
First branch from right side; supplies head of pancreas and inferior/ascending regions of duodenum
81
Superior mesenteric artery: Middle colic artery
Second branch from right side; supplies proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
82
Superior mesenteric artery: Right colic artery
Runs directly to right; supplies ascending colon; passes anteriorly to gonadal vessels and psoas major
83
Superior mesenteric artery: Ileocolic artery
Supplies cecum, appendix, ileum; passes downward and to right
84
Superior mesenteric artery: Jejunal and ileal branches
Branch off from left side to supply jejunum and ileum
85
Inferior mesenteric artery: Level of origin
Arises at level of third lumbar vertebra
86
Inferior mesenteric artery: What does it supply?
Hindgut (left third of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)
87
Inferior mesenteric artery: 3 major branches
Left colic, sigmoid, and superior rectal arteries (also contributes to marginal artery of Drummond)
88
Inferior mesenteric artery: Left colic artery
First branch; runs retroperitoneally, crosses in front of left kidney and psoas major
89
Inferior mesenteric artery: Sigmoid arteries
Usually around 3 branches; pass inferiorly and obliquely posterior to peritoneum but anterior to psoas major, kidneys, ureters; supply inferior descending colon and sigmoid colon
90
Inferior mesenteric artery: Superior rectal artery
Supplies rectum above pectinate line
91
Renal arteries: Origin
Arise from abdominal aorta just inferior to superior mesenteric artery in retroperitoneum
92
Renal arteries: Right vs left
Right renal artery arises lower than left and is longer, traveling posterior to IVC
93
Renal arteries: Variation
Around 30% of people have multiple renal arteries
94
Renal arteries: Polar arteries
Extrahilar renal arteries entering kidneys via external surface, most frequently at renal poles
95
Inferior vena cava: Description and location
Largest vein of human body; located at posterior abdominal wall on right side of aorta
96
Inferior vena cava: Function
Carries venous blood from lower limbs and abdominopelvic region to heart
97
Inferior vena cava: Seven direct tributaries
1) Inferior phrenic veins (T8) 2) Right suprarenal (L1) 3) Renal (L1) 4) Right testicular/gonadal (L2) 5) Lumbar (L1-L5) 6) Common iliac (L5) 7) Hepatic (T8)
98
Inferior vena cava: Left-sided drainage
Left gonadal and left suprarenal veins drain first into left renal vein
99
Iliac vessels: What are they?
Arteries and veins in pelvis and lower body, originating from common iliac artery and vein
100
Iliac vessels: Formation
Formed at bifurcation of abdominal aorta and union of common iliac veins
101
Iliac vessels: Division
Common iliac vessels divide into internal iliac and external iliac vessels
102
Iliac vessels: Internal iliac supply
Primarily supply pelvis and pelvic organs
103
Iliac vessels: External iliac supply
Primarily supply lower limbs
104
Kidneys: Shape and position
Bean-shaped; situated behind peritoneal cavity in lumbar region
105
Kidneys: Vertebral levels
Upper poles extend to upper margin of 12th thoracic vertebra; lower poles reach 3rd lumbar vertebra
106
Suprarenal glands: Location
Embedded in fat capsule; sit upon upper pole of each kidney
107
Renal arterial pathway
Renal arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical arteries
108
Ureter: Dimensions
Slightly flattened tube 4-7 mm in diameter; length 30 cm
109
Ureter: Entry into bladder
Penetrates wall of urinary bladder at its fundus, 4-5 cm apart from each other
110
Lumbar plexus: Location
Lies with its roots inside psoas muscle
111
Lumbar plexus: Branches
Short branches to hip muscles, then: Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Genitofemoral, Lateral femoral cutaneous, Femoral, Obturator
112
Mesenteric and hypogastric nerve plexuses: Components
Celiac ganglia, Superior mesenteric ganglion/plexus, Inferior mesenteric ganglion/plexus, Superior hypogastric plexus, Inferior hypogastric plexus
113
Urinary bladder: Location and parts
Lies in lesser pelvis underneath peritoneum, behind pubic bones; has apex, fundus, body, trigone, neck
114
Prostate gland: Shape and location
Resembles chestnut in shape and size; lies between base of bladder and deep transverse perineal muscle, behind pubic symphysis, in front of rectum
115
Prostate gland: Perforation
Perforated by prostatic part of urethra
116
Uterus: Location
Anchored between urinary bladder and rectum in subperitoneal space
117
Fallopian tube: Location
Lies intraperitoneally in upper portion of broad ligament (mesosalpinx)
118
Ovary: Suspension
Suspended on mesovarium
Anatomy 2
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
-
Oral Cavity-pharynx43
-
Esophagus- Stomach56
-
Liver Gallbaldder124
-
Pancreas-adrenals69
-
Endocrine 247
-
Small Intestine72
-
Large Intestine120
-
cadaver 177
-
Cadaver 263
-
Cadaver 4155
-
lymphatic system97
-
mediastinum-great vessels87
-
cadaver 5107
-
respiratory131
-
cadaver 664
-
lower respiratory83
-
Cadaver 7146
-
lower urinary38
-
male reproductive62
-
cadaver 8118
-
female reproductive101
-
vessels of the abdomen95
-
cadaver 962
-
sympathetic nervous system34
-
cadaver 373
-
parasympathetic nervous system58
-
cranial nerves68
-
lower limbs peripheral nerves54
-
peripheral nerves of upper limbs98
-
cadaver 7 vessels-nerves58
