lower urinary

Question 1

Ureters: Type of structures

Answer 1

Pair of muscular, tubular structures

Question 2

Ureters: Function

Answer 2

Responsible for transporting urine from kidneys to urinary bladder by peristalsis for temporary storage until urination

Question 3

Ureters: Length

Answer 3

28-29 cm (left) to 29-30 cm (right)

Question 4

Ureters: Origin

Answer 4

Arises as continuation of funnel-shaped renal pelvis at hilum of kidney in posterior abdomen

Question 5

Ureters: Course

Answer 5

Runs distally into pelvic cavity to enter base of urinary bladder

Question 6

Ureters: Anatomical landmark for recognition during surgery (1)

Answer 6

Bifurcation of common iliac arteries

Question 7

Ureters: Anatomical landmark for recognition during surgery (2)

Answer 7

Psoas Major muscle

Question 8

Ureters: Entrance into bladder

Answer 8

Oblique entrance forming orifice of ureter at ureteral vesicular junction

Question 9

Ureters: Wall structure

Answer 9

Three layers of tissue

outer CT layer
smooth muscle layer
mucosa(laminapropria and transitional

Question 10

Ureters: Peristaltic action origin

Answer 10

Arises from pacemaker cells in renal pelvis and calices

Question 11

Ureters: Effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Answer 11

Both capable of increasing ureteric peristalsis (but not pertinent to generation and maintenance of peristalsis)

Question 12

Ureters: Lymphatic drainage pathway

Answer 12

Lymphatic fluid travels to cisterna chyli and thoracic duct before returning to systemic circulation

Question 13

Urinary Bladder: Surfaces outside peritoneal cavity

Answer 13

Posterior, inferior, and anterior surfaces

Question 14

Urinary Bladder: Anchored by

Answer 14

Supporting ligaments to pelvic and pubic bones

Question 15

Urinary Bladder: Lateral umbilical ligaments

Answer 15

Vestiges of umbilical arteries

Question 16

Urinary Bladder: Middle umbilical ligament

Answer 16

Supporting ligament (no specific vestige mentioned)

Question 17

Urinary Bladder: Dimensions

Answer 17

Vary with state of distension

Question 18

Urinary Bladder: Capacity

Answer 18

Mean ≈ 220 ml, tolerated up to 500 ml

Question 19

Urinary Bladder: Trigone definition

Answer 19

Triangular area bounded by two ureteral openings and entrance to urethra

Question 20

Urinary Bladder: Neck definition

Answer 20

Surrounds urethral opening
contains a muscular internal urethral sphincter

Question 21

Urinary Bladder: Internal urethral sphincter

Answer 21

Located at neck of bladder; involuntary smooth muscle

Question 22

Urinary Bladder: Wall composition

Answer 22

Contains visceral peritoneum, muscular wall (detrusor muscle), submucosa and mucosa with transitional epithelium and lamina propria

Question 23

Male Urinary Bladder: Superior relation

Answer 23

Pelvic visceral fascia, peritoneal membrane, sigmoid colon

Question 24

Male Urinary Bladder: Anterior relation

Answer 24

Retropubic space, pubic symphysis

Question 25

Male Urinary Bladder: Posterior relation

Answer 25

Seminal gland, rectoprostatic fascia, rectovesical pouch, rectum

Question 26

Male Urinary Bladder: Inferior relation

Answer 26

Prostate, levator ani muscle

Question 27

Female Urinary Bladder: Superior relation

Answer 27

Pelvic visceral fascia, peritoneal membrane, sigmoid colon

Question 28

Female Urinary Bladder: Anterior relation

Answer 28

Retropubic space, pubic symphysis

Question 29

Female Urinary Bladder: Posterior relation

Answer 29

Vesicouterine pouch and vagina

Question 30

Female Urinary Bladder: Inferior relation

Answer 30

Pelvic diaphragm

Question 31

Male Urethra: Length

Answer 31

15-20 cm

Question 32

Male Urethra: Divisions

Answer 32

Divided into 3 parts

Question 33

ureters: neuronal supply comes from:

Answer 33

both divisions of autonomic nervous system and sympathetic innervation via the renal plexus and ganglia

Question 34

female urethra length

Answer 34

3-4 cm

Question 35

external urethral orifice location

Answer 35

between vaginal orifice and clitoris

Question 36

internal urethral sphincter

Answer 36

detrusor muscle thickened, smooth muscle, involuntary control

Question 37

external urethral sphincter

Answer 37

skeletal muscle, voluntary control

Question 38

parasympathetic supply

Answer 38

pelvic splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexus