Cardiology

Question 1

S1 -

Split S1 -

Answer 1

S1 - close AV valve

Split S1 - mitral valve prolapse

Question 2

S2 -

Split S2 -

Answer 2

S2 - close aortic/pulmonic valve

Split S2 - pulmonary hypertension

Question 3

S3 -

Answer 3

S3 - filling of ventricles

hear in horses, DCM

Question 4

S4 -

Answer 4

S4 - atrial contraction (atrial kick)

cats with HCM

Question 5

Three causes of hypodynamic pulses

Answer 5

1. cardiac tamponade
2. heart failure
3. aortic stenosis

Question 6

Two causes of hyperdynamic pulses

Answer 6

1. PDA

2. aortic insuffiency

Question 7

What is the most common cause of feline pericardial effusion?

Answer 7

FIP

Question 8

Three factors associated with cardiomyopathy

Answer 8

1. Trypanosoma cruzi
2. Taurine deficiency in cats and cockers
3. Carnitine in boxers

Question 9

Four types of bacteria causes endocarditis

Answer 9

staphylococcus, streptococcus, E. coli, Bartonella

Question 10

Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension

Decreased production: ___, ___
Increased production: ___, ___, ___

Answer 10

Decreased production: NO, prostacyclin = endothelium relaxing factors

Increased production: endothelin, thromboxane, serotonin = constricting factors

Question 11

Two congenital heart disease associated with endocarditis

Answer 11

SAS, PDA

Question 12

What heart disease causes splintered QRS on EKG in large breed dog?

Answer 12

TVD

Question 13

Anti-arrhyhtmic drugs class
Class Ia 
Class Ib
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V

Answer 13

Class Ia (Na): quinidine, procainamide = SVT, VT

Class Ib (Na): lidocaine, mexiletine = VT

Class II (beta blocker): esmolol, atenolol, propranolol, (sotalol) = SVT, VT

Class III (K): stalol, amiodarone = SVT, VT

Class IV (Ca): diltiazem, verapamil = SVT

Class V: digoxin

Question 14

Infectious causes pericarditis?

Answer 14

coccidiomycosis, aspergillus niger, FIP, actinomyces, bacteria associated with trauma, migrating FB

Question 15

Infectious causes pyoderma?

Answer 15

staphylococcus, streptococcus, proteus, pseudomonas, E. coli

Question 16

Dopamine
Low doses =
Intermediate doses =
High doses =

Answer 16

Low doses = DA1/DA2 mediated renal vasodilation
Intermediate doses = beta-mediated ionotropy
High doses = alpha-mediated vasoconstriction

Question 17

Dobutamine

Answer 17

Ionotropy: B1 > B2 > alpha

Question 18

NorEpi

Answer 18

B1 > alpha > B2

Mild ionotropy, also vasoconstriction

Question 19

Epi

Answer 19

B > alpha

ionotropy and vasodilation of muscle

Question 20

Vasopressin

Answer 20

V1 mediated vasoconstriction increases coronary/cerebral/renal/pulmonary flow without increasing myocardial work and is not blunted by acidosis

Question 21

Phenylephrine

Answer 21

Pure alpha (not arrhtthmogenic)

Question 22

Glucagon

Answer 22

increases camp>ianotropy

Question 23

What enzyme does degrade NT-proBNP?

Answer 23

Neprilysin

Question 24

What disease do you use vagal maneuver

Answer 24

SVT to increase vagal tone and could slow sinus nodal discharge
Where: carotid body massage, ocular pressure