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Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an organelle?

A

tiny structures in cells with specific functions.(ribosomes)

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

collection of cells that develop in the same way

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

groups of tissue that combine to form a single structure.

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4
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Organism that can make its own food

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5
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that cannot make its own food

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6
Q

What is the ability to differentiate?

A

the ability of multicellular organisms to have cells that specialize in a certain function.

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7
Q

principles of cell theory

A
  1. All living things are made out of
    cells
  2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. Cells come from only other cells
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8
Q

Necessary functions of life

A

Metabolism
 Growth
 Reproduction
 Response
 Homeostasis
 Nutrition
 Excretion

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9
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Detailed structure of a cell, tissue, or
organ that can be observed with an
electron microscope

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10
Q

What is a micrograph?

A

Any photograph produced by the
electron microscope!

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11
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes?

A

Cells alive under the microscope can be alive or not, showing all of their composition

Mag: 1000x-5000x

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

A

The light microscope doesn’t have a very high resolution and only allows cells or bigger structures to be visualized.
—-this limit is due to the wavelength of light being 400nn and 700nn

has a low resolution

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13
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A

higher res meaning can see much smaller strcutures

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14
Q

Disadvantages of electron microscope

A

only in black and white

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15
Q

What is immunofluorescence?

A

Cells of the immune system (antibodies) are given a fluorescent marker.

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16
Q

What is cryogenic microscopy?

A

Used to see structure of proteins

created using computer algorithms

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17
Q

Freeze fracture microscopy

A

produces images of surfaces within cells

Any structures which appeared globular are transmembrane proteins.

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18
Q

What is cell diversity classified by?

A

Size
Shape
Internal Organization

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19
Q

What is cell specialization?

A

Surface area to volume ratio

SA=6LW
V=LWH

Volume increases faster than surface area in terms of ratio

Stem cells

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20
Q

Why do cells have the size they have?

A

Surface area: volume ratio:
As cells increase in size its SA/V ratio decreases.
The surface area does not grow at the same rate as the volume in the cell.

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21
Q

Reasons for small cells:

A
  • Faster rates of transport
  • removal of waste more efficient
  • Enough materials for the cell
  • production energy more efficient
  • Decreases distance of substance travel
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22
Q

Cell differentiate

A
  • Specialized cells have switch on particular genes that correlate to these specialized functions.
  • These particular genes produce shape , functions and adaptions within the cell
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23
Q

What are the different cell shapes in bacteria vs plants vs animals?

A

Coccus: round

Bacillus: Rod

Spirilla: Spiral

Regular: rectangular in plants/circular in animal

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24
Q

Emergeant properties

A

-Only multicellular
- Arise from interaction of different cells
- Different cell groups to form tissues, organs

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25
Stem Cells
- Unspecialized cells - Have ability to become specialized
26
Pluripotent stem cell
- A true stem cell Embryonic stem cell can form any cell
26
Totipotent stem cell
A total potential stem cell Fertilized egg (zygote) and early cleaved cells
27
Multipotent stem cell
Can become a number of cell types (adult stem cells) blood and skin
28
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes DISTINGUISHED: membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes LACK membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic HAVE membrane bound organelles
29
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes DISTINGUISHED: Complexity
Prokaryotes: SIMPLE Eukaryotic: COMPLEX
30
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes DISTINGUISHED: Food
Prokaryotes: AUTOTROPHS Eukaryotes: AUTROPHIC & HETEROTROPHIC
31
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes DISTINGUISHED: Genetic material, and ribosomes
Prokaryotes: Naked DNA, DNA (no interons), 70S Ribosomes (smaller) Eukaryotes: Chromosomes in nucleus, DNA has interons, 80s Ribosomes (larger)
32
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes DISTINGUISHED: Reproduction & size
Pro—1-3 microns Eu—10-100
33
describe the parts and what the Prokaryotic cell looks like
Cell wall(outer membrane) Cell membrane(inner membrane) Slime capsule surrounding the cell wall Pili, hairs coming out of cell wall, smaller then flagella Flagella, hairs coming out of the cell wall Just two of them at the bottom Cytoplasm Plasmid- circle inside the cytoplasm 70s ribosomes Mesosome: squiggly line from inside the cell membrane to middle of cytoplasm Naked DNA
34
Prokaryotic cell parts: What is the function of the slime capsule?
Protection(glycocalx) Not easy to lyse or hydrolyze Difficult to kill
35
Prokaryotic cell parts: What is the function of the cell wall, and structure?
protection and support shape not made of cellulose made of peptidoglycan
36
Prokaryotic cell parts: What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Cellular liquid Chemical Rxns take place
37
Prokaryotic cell parts: What is the function of the cell (plasma) membrane?
Controls passage of materials Selectively permeable
38
Prokaryotic cell parts: What is the function of the flagella?
Movement in a liquid environment
39
Prokaryotic cell parts: What is the function of the pili?
Hair like projection Helps bacteria stick to its background Allows 2 bacterial cells to stick together
40
Prokaryotic cell parts: function of Ribosome
Protein synthesis 70s smaller than 80s
41
Prokaryotic cell parts: Function of plasmid
Small circular DNA Codes for synthesis of certain proteins
42
Prokaryotic cell parts: What is the function of the naked DNA?
Naked nucleic acid—DNA not associated with protein. Carries genetic code Located in Nucleoid region
43
Prokaryotic cell parts: What is the function of the Mesosome?
Helps in cell division Increases surface area In aerobic bacteria, holds respiratory chain
44
How do prokaryotic cells divide?
Binary Fission
45
What are the different metabolic activities of prokaryotes?
Photosynthesis by blue-green bacteria Nitrogen fixing which is the conversion of nitrogen from air to nitrogen compounds fermentation when bacteria converts lactose into lactic acid
46
Eukaryotic animal cell drawing and parts explained
Chromatin: the X inside the nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane: Dots surrounding membrane Nucleolus: sphere in nucleus 80s ribosome, in cytoplasm reR—Attached to nuclear membrane squiggly line with ribosomes on it Mitochondria—Double membrane with ribosomes inside Cell membrane 3 circles next to each other —Lysosome, peroxisome, vesicle Golgi apparatus similar structure to thylakoid sER— a bunch of circles next to each other, next to the rER Centriole—T shaped Cytoplasm/Cytosol
47
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?
Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with proteins -contains cholesterol which provides rigidity Function: selectively permeable boundary between the cell and the external environment
48
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
Storage of cells DNA manages cell functions
49
What is the nucleus made up of?
 Nuclear Envelope (membrane) – A double membrane – Porous for protein and ribosomes  Nucleolus – Formation of ribosomes  Chromatin (somes) – Contain DNA and protein
50
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of the cytoplasm?
Fluid inside membrane Facilitate transport of molecules
51
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?
 Function: -acts as a support system for organelles -maintains cell shape  - cellular transport
52
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of the centrioles? Where are centrioles located?
 Structure: composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring – Exist in pairs  Function: centrioles play a major role in cell division (mitosis) Located in the centrosome: 2 centrioles none in plant cells
53
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of Cillia and Flagella?
Cilia and Flagella  Structure: hair-like structures that extend from the surface of cells – When they are present in large numbers on a cell they are called cilia – When they are less numerous and longer they are called flagella – Both composed of nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair.  Function: cell mobility
54
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of ribosomes?
 Structure: consist of two subunits made of protein and RNA.  Eukaryotic Cells: 80s  Found alone, in groups (poly) and on rER  Function: location of protein synthesis. Translation
55
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
always near nucleus prominent in cells that make large amounts of proteins – Covered with ribosomes Protein synthase
56
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
attatched to rER involved in the synthesis of lipids and breakdown of toxic substances – Not covered with ribosomes
57
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of the golgi apparatus?
Structure: stacked flat sacs  Function: receives proteins from the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out of the cell – collects – sorts – packages – Distributes
58
What is the structure and function of lysosomes?
Structure: spherical organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes within single membranes  A type of vesicle  Function: breaks down food particles, invading objects, or worn out cell parts  Not common in plants
59
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of peroxisomes?
Structure: spherical organelles that contain enzymes within single membranes  A type of vesicle  Function: Degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism.
60
What part do Plant cells have than Animal cells
Water vacuole, cell wall
61
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of a cell wall?
 Structure: rigid wall made up of cellulose, proteins, and carbohydrates  Function: boundary around the plant cell outside of the cell membrane that provides structure and support
62
Eukaryotic: What is the structure and function of a water vacuole?
 Structure: a sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane – Very large in plants  Function: used for temporary storage of wastes, nutrients, and water
63
Eukaryotic: What are the three types of plastids?
There are three types of plastids in plant cells: – Chloroplasts – Chromoplasts: synthesize and store pigments – Leucoplasts: store food such as starches, proteins, and lipids
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