1
Q
thalamus
A
- relays sensory signals
- consciousness
- sleep
- alertness
2
Q
cerebral cortex
A
- 1.3 pound covering of cerebrum
- covers 40% of brain
- contains 85-100+ billion neurons
3
Q
neocortex
A
high-order brain functions such as
- sensory perception
- cognition
- generation of motor commands
- spatial reasoning
- language
4
Q
neocortex lobes
A
- frontal
- temporal
- parietal
- occipital
5
Q
damage to frontal lobe
A
- disinhibition
- deficits
- concentration
- orientation
- judgement
6
Q
premotor cortex (6, 8)
A
- SMA (6) and PMA (8) contribute axons to descending motor pathways
- provide input to area 4 (ie – prep for swing)
7
Q
primary motor cortex (4)
A
- located in precentral gyrus
- initiates skilled, delicate and voluntary movements
8
Q
prefrontal cortex (9, 10, 25, 46)
A
- regulatory of depth of feeling (ecstasy, gloom, disagreeableness)
- goal direction
- pain
9
Q
anterior association area (10)
A
- which includes prefrontal cortex rostral to the precentral gyrus
- associated with planning movement
10
Q
parietal lobe
A
- perception
- sensation
- integrating sensory input with the visual system
11
Q
primary somatosensory cortex
A
- includes the post central gyrus (3) and its medial extension in the paracental gyrus (1 and 2)
- recieves input from thalamus
12
Q
temporal lobe
A
- derive meanings for the appropriate retention of emotions
- visual memory
- language comprehension
13
Q
total anterograde amnesia
A
- removal of medial temporal regions (amygdala and hippocampus)
- inability to form new declarative memory
14
Q
amygdala
A
- establishes associations to events
- correlates information from different modalities
- intermediates between sensory systems and emotions
15
Q
hippocampus
A
- central for the formation and consolidation of declarative memories
- registers cognitive info
- linkage to neocortex envisioned as being involved in the dynamics of memory (via gene protein synthesis)
16
Q
non-declarative (procedural) memory
A
- recalled unconsciously
- involves acquired skill associations
17
Q
auditory cortex (22, 41, 42)
A
- primary (41, 42) detects changes in pattern and in the location of the source of a sound
- 5+ auditory regions in 22 of temporal lobe necessary for interpreting sounds
18
Q
wernickes area (22)
A
- temporal lobe
- words to be spoken originate and are generated here
19
Q
brocas area (44, 45)
A
- temporal lobe
- coordinated program for vocalization formed here
20
Q
gerstmann’s syndrome
A
- parietal lobe
- difficulty with writing (agraphia)
- difficulty with mathematics (acalculia)
- finger agnosia
- left-right disorientation
21
Q
aphasia
A
disruption of language or speech
22
Q
agnosia
A
inability to recognize or to be aware of an object when using a given sense
23
Q
receptive aphasia
A
- Wernickes
- nonsensical speech and comprehension inability
- unaware of these problems
24
Q
expressive aphasia
A
- Brocas
- failure in the formulation of speech, which becomes labored, slow, and poorly articulated
- aware of problems
25
auditoria agnosia
* unimpaired hearing
* inability to recognize familiar sounds, music, and words
26
multimodal areas
1. posterior association area
2. anterior association area
3. limbic area
27
posterior association area
* located at the margins of the parietal, temporal and occipital cortices
* processes language
28
limbic area
* surrounds the corpus callosum and diencephalon on the medial surface
* associated with memory and emotion
29
orbitofrontal-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (11, 12, 25)
* frontal lobe
* emotional processing of moral decisions
* monitors motivation and intentions
30
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
* encodes emotional value of sensory stimulus
* envolved in emotional processing
* allows adherence to social norms
31
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (46)
* frontal lobe
* acts as a moral filter
* problem-solving
* evaluates using rule based knownledge
* critical role in utilitarian reasoning
* crimes and punishment
* activated during lying
32
cingulate cortex (23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34)
* frontal lobe
* anterior: mediates the conflict between emotional and rational components of moral reasoning
* posterior: related to emotion and social ability
33
amygdala
* subcortical
* affective judgements about emotional value of action
* processing moral emotions
34
thalamus
* subcortical
* cooperativeness
* altruism
35
septum
* subcortical
* empathy
* altruism
36
nucleus accumbens
* subcortical
* cooperativeness
* altruism
* impulsivity
37
posterior hypothalamus
* subcortical
* impulse control
* regulation of aggressively
38
subthalamic nucleus
* subcortical
* evaluation of conflictual moral decisions
39
inferior and superior parietal lobe
* parietal
* cognitive control
* working memory
40
insula
* insula
* emotional processing
* perception of inequity
* emotional intelligence
41
temporal superior gyrus and superior temporal sulcus
* temporal lobe
* elaboration of intentionality
* social complexity of moral acts
42
anteriorimiddle temporal lobe
* temporal lobe
* cognitive processing
* working memory
43
angular gyrus
* temporal lobe
* activated during various moral judgement tasks
44
temporo-parietal junction
* temporal lobe
* moral intuition
* spontaneous attention directed towards morally salient cues
* ability to understand other peoples thoughts
45
hippocampus
* temporal lobe
* monitoring
* controlling aggressive behavior
46
myth of moral brain (opinion)
* philosophy, biology, theology and clinical psychology as opposed to biomedical alone
* fails to adequately model
* realistic versus fantastical enhancements
* mans fate does not lie in biology
* pharmaceuticals, neurostimulation and genetics unsuitable
* treat case-by-case
47
superior temporal sulcus
* associates w/ emotion
* activates during elaboration of moral dilemma
48
anterior/middle temporal gyrus
* activated after decision
* particularly when utilitarian response
49
cerebral cortex image
50
moral brain
