What is theory X
1- average human being has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it
2-Most people must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punnishment before theyll put in effort
3-average human prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has little ambition, and wants security above all else
What is theory Y
Under the appropriate conditions, workers can be motivated on their own
1-expending physical and mental exhaustion at work is natural, the average human doesnt dislike work
2-control and threat of punishment arent the only way to direct effort towards organizations objectives, people will exercise self direction and control to the services they feel comitted
3-commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement - the most significant awards (satisfaction of ego and self actualizatio needs) can be direxct products of directt effort
4-avoidance of responsibility, lack of ambitiob, and emphasis on security arent inherent human characteristics
5-imangination, ingenuity, creativity, and abilty to use these qualities to solve problems are widely distributed among people
What are Fredrick W. Taylors principles of scientific management
His school of thought is about industrial efficiency
1) Assign all resposibility for the organization of work to managers rather than workers
2)Use scientific methods to determine the one best way of performing each task
3)Select the person most suited to each job to perform it
4)Train the worker to perform the job correctly
5)Moniter work performance to ensure the specified work procedures are followed correctly and that appropriate results are achieved
6)Provide further support by planning work assignments and eliminating interuptions
What is the hawthorne experiment and how does it affect output and human relations
social factors and human relations are more important for productivity than physical working conditions. They showed that workers are more motivated by the attention they receive from researchers and the cohesion of their work groups than by financial incentives alone
What is the contingency and systems view of OB
recognize organizations as open systems interacting with their environment, but with different emphases
Systems view of organizational behavior
Holistic perspective: Views the organization as a single, integrated system made up of many smaller, interconnected subsystems (departments, teams).
Focus on interrelationships: Emphasizes how the different parts of the organization are interdependent and how they all work together to achieve a common goal.
Open system: Considers the organization as an open system that interacts with its external environment, receiving inputs (like resources) and producing outputs.
Feedback loops: Analyzes the feedback loops within the system, which are crucial for the system to adapt and stay on track.
Contingency view of organizational behavior
“It depends” approach: States that there is no single, universal best way to manage an organization.
Situational factors: Argues that effective management practices depend on the specific circumstances, or “contingencies,” of the situation.
Key variables: Managers must analyze variables like the external environment, technology, and the characteristics of their employees to determine the best course of action.
Action-oriented: This view is often seen as more practical and action-oriented, providing managers with tools to solve specific problems in specific situations.
What are the questions to ask when evaluating research?
Is it reliable?
Is it generalizible?
Is it Ethical?
Is it valid?
What are the 4 research designs?
Case Study
Field Survey
Field Experiment
Lab Experiment
What are the positives and negatives of a case study
Positives:
High Realism
Moderate Cost
Negatives:
Low generalizability
Low Control
Low Precision
What are the positives and negatives of a field survey
Positives:
High Realism
Moderate generalizability
Moderate Control
Moderate Cost
Negatives:
Low Precision
What are the positives and negatives of a lab experiment
Positives:
High Precision
High Control
Low Cost
Negative:
Low generalizability
Low Realism
What are the positives and negatives of a field experiement
Positives:
High Generalizability
Mod-high Realism
High Precision
Mod-High Control
Negative:
High cost
What is the scientific Method
Based on drawing from someones experience s well as rationalism
What is E.B.M
Evidence Based Managment - scientific data used to better understand productivity
What are the 2 ways of reasoning
1) Deduction - going from general idea into a specific idea
2) Induction - Trying to find a pattern in peoples behaviours
What type of study typically uses Induction
Qualitative
What type of studies typically used Deduction
Surveys and field studies
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Ch 116
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3 commonly used heuristics6
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Effects of conflict10
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Chinese business etiquette15
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Bounded rationality model5
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Total quality management9
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Communications24
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Decision Making24
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Groups and teams17
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Organizational Change13
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Power and politics10
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Conflict and negotiations11
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Leadership5
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random20
