what are the two major control systems?
-nervous system
-endocrine system
what two systems make up the nervous system
-Central nervous system
-peripherial nervous system
describe the role of the central nervous system
-core of decision making
-consist of:
*brain=command center–>sending out instructions
*spinal cord=conduit for transmitting messages b/w brain and body
what makes up the peripheral nervous system and their functions?
-bridges the cap b/w brain,spinal cord, limbs
Somatic neurons-voluntary movements picking up a cup
*autonomic neurons-involuntary *HR, RR, digestion
what two divisions make up the autonomic system?
-parasympathetic-rest and digest
-sympathetic-fight or flight
where does the parasympathetic nerve fibers originate from
cranial and sacral portion of the spinal cord
where does the sympathetic fibers arise from
thoracic/lumbar regions of spinal cord
what is the parasympathetic nervous system role
-“rest and digest’
control day-to-day, energy conserving
*decrease HR
*miosis
*increase motility/digestive activity
*increase mucus /secretion
*bronchoconstriction
what is the role of the sympathetic nervous system
‘fight or flight’
prepares body for stressful or emergency situations. heightens everything
*increase HR
*increase BP
*increase RR
*dialated pupils:mydriasis
*decrease motility
*expands lung capacity
*bronchodilation
what symptoms characterize overstimulation of parasympathetic nervous system?
SLUD
salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation
what is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system>
acetycholine
what is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?
*pre-ganglionic- acetylcholine
*post ganglionic -norepinerphine- prepares the body for rapid action in stress
how are nerve impulses conducted throughout the body?
-electrical and chemical
what are the two types of nerve fibers and their role?
efferent-sends command from brain–>body, to react quickly to situations *think E for exit
afferent-carry sensory information from body–>CNS *think A for Arrive
define parasympathomimetic
its a cholinergic agent
*mimic parasympathetic nervous system *it does everything parasympathetic does
*decreases HR,
*vasodilationBP,RR
*increase motility
*pupil-miosis
*increase mucus/ secretions
*bronchoconstiction
ex methycholine, agonist mimic acetycholine and activate muscarinic receptors :M1,M2,M3
define parasympatholytic
its an anticholinergic agent
-inhibits parasympathetic nervous system
*increases Hr
*slow down bowel movements, slows down digestion
*decreases saliva, secretions.mucus
*bronchodilation
*vasconstriction
*blocks acetylcholine
ex. ipatroprium bromide,
explain how acetylcholine is inactivated at parasympathetic terminal receptor site
inactivated by enzyme: cholinesterase
- stops acetylcholine from overstimulation body (SLUD)
what are the two receptors found in the parasympathetic system and where are they located
-muscarinic
*m1-CNS and gastric
*M2-located in heart
*M3-found in smooth muscle and submucosal glands
-nicotinic -influence breathing patterns under stress
what happens when acetylcholine binds to M1, M2, and M3 receptors ?
m1-increase secretions in the stomach, increasing digestion
M2- decreases HR
M3- causes bronchoconstriction
identify a direct acting cholinergic agent used in bronchial challenge test?
methacholine
define sympathomimetic
its an adrenergic
*mimics the sympathetic nervous system
*increases HR
*increase BP
*bronchodilation
*vasoconstriction
*increases glucose levels
ex. abuteral
define sympatholytics
its an antiadrenergic
*inhibits the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
*lowers HR
*lowers BP
ex. propranolol
describe the termination process of the neurotransmitter noreponephrine
-reuptake-reabsorbed back into nerve ending
- enzymes that break down norepinephrine
*catechol O methyltransferase (COMT)
*monoamine oxidase (MAO)
what are the sympathetic receptor types?
alpha receptors
*alpha 1
beta receptors
*beta 1- heart
*beta 2- lungs
