1
Q
how is a stable internal environment maintained
A
through homeostatic mechanisms
2
Q
how can alterations in the composition, distribution, and amount of body fluids occur
A
protein-energy malnutrition
disease
trauma
surgery
3
Q
FUNCTIONS
- provides shape and structure to cells
- regulates body temp
- aids in the digestion and absorption of nutrients
- transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
- serves as a solvent for vitamins, minerals, glucose, and amino acids
- participates in metabolic rxns
- eliminates waste products
- is a major component of mucus and other lubricating fluids
A
water
4
Q
- promotes the mineralization of developing tooth enamel prior to tooth eruption and the remineralization of surface enamel in erupted teeth
- helps reduce tooth decay and cavities in children
A
fluoride
5
Q
- distributed in muscles, liver, brain, bones, kidneys, and blood
- involved in hemoglobin synthesis, collagen formation, wound healing, and maintenance of nerve fibers
A
copper
6
Q
copper toxicity is typically caused by
A
supplementation, genetic disorder, Wilson disease
7
Q
a component of a group of enzymes that function as antioxidants
brazilian nuts are richest source
A
selenium
8
Q
- interfere w/ iodine uptake thus suppressing function fo thyroid gland
- can result in enlargement of thyroid (goiter)
A
goitrogens
9
Q
essential component of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
A
iodine
10
Q
populations at risk for zinc deficiency
A
- vegan/vegetariand iet
- poor calorie intake
- EtOH abuse
- malabsorption disorders
11
Q
- plays important roles in immune system functioning and in wound healing
- food sources: oysters, red meat, poultry, dried peas and beans, fortified breakfast cereals, yogurt, cashews, pecans, milk
A
zinc
12
Q
absorb too much iron from food consumed
A
iron toxicity (hemochromatosis)
13
Q
- a persistent, compulsive craving or appetite for nonfood items
- ice, clay, chalk, soil, sand, cornstarch
A
pica
14
Q
iron deficiency can result in
A
microcytic, hypochromic anemia
15
Q
iron-deficiency anemia characteristic of small red blood cells
A
microcytic anemia
16
Q
paler red blood cells
A
hypochromic anemia
17
Q
where is the heme source of iron found in food
A
meat, fish, poultry
18
Q
where is the non-heme part of iron found in food
A
plants such as grains, vegetables, legumes, and nuts
19
Q
RDA for iron in men and post menopausal women vs premenopausal women
A
men and post menopausal women: 8mg premenopausal women: 18mg
20
Q
the body contains how much iron
A
3-5g iron
2/3 contained in the heme portion of hemoglobin
21
Q
- does not function independently as a nutrient
- component of biotin, thiamin, and amino acids methionine and cysteine
- from all protein foods (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, dried peas and beans, nuts)
A
sulfur
22
Q
- fourth most abundant mineral in the body
- approx 80% of the RDA
- sources: spinach, beet greens, okra, brazil nuts, almonds, cashews, bran cereal, dried peas and beans, halibut, tuna, chocolate, cocoa
A
magnesium
23
Q
- second most abundant mineral in the body
- about 60% of it naturally from food sources is absorbed
- dietary deficiencies don’t occur
- sources: all animal products (meat, poultry, eggs, milk) ready-to-eat cereal, dried peas and beans, bran and whole grains; raisins, prunes, dates
A
phosphorus
24
Q
- most plentiful minearl in the body
- balance in the blood is achieved through the action of vitamin D and hormones
- adequate intake needed in first 3 decades of life to attain peak bone mass to decrease risk of osteoporosis
- sources: milk, hard natural cheese, yogurt, bok choy, napa cabbage, broccoli, fortified orange juice, legumes, turnip, kale, collard greens, okra, almonds, fortified plant-based milk
A
calcium
25
supplementation of calcium increases the risk of
* constipation due to reduction of peristalsis in GI tract
* hypercalcemia (anorexia, weight loss, polyuria, heart arrhythmias, fatigue, and soft tissue calcifications)
26
how many servings of calcium should we have a day
3
27
* major anion of the extracellular fluid
* helps to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in conjunction w/ sodium
* essential component of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, plays a role in digestion
chloride
28
intracellular water accounts for how much of the total body water
2/3
29
extracellular water accounts for how much of total body water
1/3
30
water + dissolved substance + intercellular water
extracellular fluid
31
water intake typically totals and contains
* drinking water
* other beverages
* solid foods
total 2600mL
32
water output consists of
* sensible water loss
* insensible water loss
total 1750-3000mL
33
* characterized by impaired motor control and mental function
* increased body temp during physical activity
* increased risk of heat stroke
* tachycardia
* orthostatic hypotension
* decreased jvp
dehydration
34
how can potassium excretion be impaired
* s/t diabetes
* chronic renal or adrenal insufficiency
* ESRD
* severe heart failure
35
what can impaired potassium
hyperkaleia
life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias
36
foods that are high in potassium
baked potato w/ skin, canned tomato products, sweet potatoes, prunes, clams, molasses, milk, yogurt, tomato juice, prune juice, legumes, bananas, artichokes, fish, avocados, raisins, spinach, kiwifruit
37
* major extracellular cation
* NaCl 40% sodium
* largely responsible for regulating fluid balance
* 98% of all consumed is absorbed
* AI 1500mg, UL 2300mg/day
sodium
38
foods high in sodium
processed foods, canned meat, vegetables, and soups, convenience foods, and restaurant and fast foods
39
# true or false:
unrefined or unprocessed foods have more minerals than refined foods
true
40
how do mineral toxicities occur
* excessive use of mineral supplements
* environmental or industrial exposure
* alterations in metabolism
* human errors in food processing
41
how are minerals balanced
* releasing minerals from storage for redistribution
* GI absorption
* urinary excretion
42
reasons for dehydration
* vomiting, diarrhea, and fever
* thermal injuries, fistulas, uncontrolled diabetes, hemorrhage and certain renal disorders
* use of drainage tubes contributes to increased water losses
43
as little as 1% of BW
increases plasma osmolality
44
45
7-10% of water lost from body weight causes symptoms such as
dizziness, muscle spasms, delirium
46
* populations at risk: infants, psychiatric pts w/ excessive thirst, athletes, endurance events, cardiac, and renal failure pts
* symptoms: lung congestion, muscle weakness, lethargy, confusion, convulsions, prolonged, coma, and death
hyponatremia
47
trace minerals in the body
* iodine
* zinc
* selenium
* copper
* magnesium
* fluoride
48
major minerals in the body
* calcium
* phosphorus
* magnesium
* sulfur
* sodium
* potassium
* chloride
49
characteristics of minerals
* do not undergo digestion
* do not get broken down or rearranged during metabolism
* not destroyed by light, air, heat, or acids during food preparation
50
functions of minerals
* provide structure
* fluid balance
* acid-base balance
* nerve cell transmission and muscle contraction
* vitamin, enzyme, and hormone activity
51
provide structure to bones and teeth
Ca, Mg, and PO4
52
provide structure to soft tissues
PO4, K+, Fe, and sulfur
53
present in skin hair and nails
sulfur
54
maintain fluid balance
sodium, potassium, and chloride
55
# 1
help regulate blood pH
sodium bicarb and sodium hydroxide
56
involved in buffer systems that regulate the kidneys
PO4
57
stimulate nerve impulses
na+ and k+
58
stimulate muscle contractions
calcium
59
stimulate muscle relaxation
Na, K+, Mg
60
component of vitamin B12
cobalt
61
cofactor of hundreds of enzymes
magnesium
62
essential for the production of thyroxine
iodine
63
pitt nutrition
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