essential nutrient classes
carbs
proteins
fats
vitamins
minerals
water
what is the current focus of nutrition
to reduce the risk of chronic disease by improving overall dietary patterns
studies link dietary patterns including nutrition density and diet quality to
health promotion and prevention of disease
- pertains to vitamins, minerals, energy nutrients, cholesterol, fiber, electrolytes, and water
- incorporate an expanded focus of reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated w/ dietary excesses
- primarily for professional use because they deal w/ quantities of nutrients as opposed to amounts of food
dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
- represent the average daily recommended intake to meet the nutrient requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals by life stage and gender
- based on specific criteria indicators
- set high enough to account for daily variations in intake
recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)
- amount of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the requirement of half of healthy people in a particular lifestage or sex
- not solely based on the prevention of nutrient deficiencies
- consideration for reducing the risk of chronic disease
- takes into account the bioavailability of the nutrient
- used to determine RDA values
estimated average requirement (EAR)
- set when an RDA cannot be determined due to lack of sufficient data on requirements
- recommended average daily intake level thought to tmeet or exceed the needs of virtually all members of a lifestage or gender group based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by groups of healthy people
- goal for the nutrient intake of individuals
adequate intake (AI)
- highest level of average daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population
- not intended to be a recommended level of intake
tolerable upper intake level (UL)
- based on evidence of the beneficial effect of lowering sodium intake on cardiovascular disease risk, hypertension risk, systolic BP, and diastolic BP
- recommendation is written as “reduce intake if above __mg/day”
Chronic Disease Risk and Reduction Intake (CDRR)
- broad ranges for each energy nutrient
- expressed as a percentage of total calories consumed
- associated w/ reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients
acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)
carb AMDR
45-65%
AMDR protein
10-35%
fat AMDR
20-35%
evidence-based lifestyle therapeutic approaches to treat, reverse, and prevent chronic diseases
- a plant-predominant dietary lifestyle
- regular physical activity
- adequate sleep
- stress management
- avoidance of risky substances
- pursuing other nondrug modalities to treat, reverse, and prevent chronic disease
what is a major challenge to global health
preventable chronic diseases
acute infectious diseases have been replaced by chronic diseases related to lifestyle as major causes of death
- comprehensive blueprint for monitoring the nation’s progress toward becoming healthier
- program under US Department of Health and Human Services
- updated every 10 years sets public health goals and objectives
healthy people 2030
uses a scoring tool to measure diet quality to assess how well a person’s intake aligns w/ key dietary recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans–guidelines that are intended to help prevent diet-related chronic diseases, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer
healthy eating index
refers to foods and beverages that provide vitamins, minerals, and other substances relative to the number of calories with little or no added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium
nutrient density
refers to the relative proportion of calories to nutrients in a food
refers to the relative proportion of calories to nutrients in a food
combination of foods and beverages that constitute an individual complete dietary intake overtime
dietary patterns
amount, proportions, variety or combinations of different foods and beverages
eating patterns
- used to assess the adequacy of an individual’s intake by comparing estimated requirements
- not suited to teaching people how to make healthy choices
DRIs
defined as the dietary energy intake predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy, normal-weight individuals of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent w/ good health
estimated energy requirement (EER)
