What’s the basis of biological influences?
genetic and physiological behavior underly and interacts w environment to shape health and wellbeing
epigenetics
study gene regulation patterns, alters gene function w/o altering gene structure to be passed onto future generation
what did Darwin and Lorenz do for developmental psych
created evolutionary theories explaining individual dif and commonalities as a species by focusing on genetic and environmental mechanisms
what is ethology?
idea that genetically determined survival behaviors that have evolved through natural selection
what are behavior genetics?
traits said to be influenced by genes, being related to the other means you’re more similar and vice versa
what is evolutionary psychology?
the view that genetically inherited cognitive and social traits have evolved through natural selection
describe evolutionary developmental psychology
view that genetically inherited characteristics promote survival and adaption only at certain times in lifespan
who are the most prevalent psychoanalytic theorists and what did they believe?
Freud and Erikson who believed developmental changes occur from influence of internal (inner) drives and emotions on behavior (psychodynamic perspective)
describe the 3 aspects of Freud’s psychosexual theory
-ID: core of personality, irrational, pleasure seeking
-Ego: develops from Id to subdue Id’s impulses
-Superego: sense of right and wrong based on morality, regulated by ego ideal and all conscious levels
psychosexual oral stage?
0-2yr oral need to be breastfed, Freud says if weaned too early/late can develop fixation with drinking, sucking, smoking
psychosexual anal stage
2-3yrs potty training era: if you potty train too early you could be an anal person if trained late, could be loud messy person
psychosocial phallic stage
3-6 years: if the parental roles aren’t balanced (gender or showing up wise) it can result in competitiveness over mates in future bc want to prove themself
latency period
7-11yr (until puberty starts) where sexual urges form developing friendships and connections, if there is a repression of these sexual and social tendencies then may have issues w/ healthy relationships later on
genital stage
11-adult form relationships and desire sex and to reproduce –> so must learn to be affectionate if it doesn’t can’t get future mate
what was different about frued and eriksons beliefs about development
erikson believed that de4velopment continued throughout entire life, not just through early stage of life
Eriksons psychosocial theory
about: social interaction with others
development occurs w/ change in interactions, understanding others, self knowledge
8 stages –> represents crisis to be resolved to gain + strength
who believed in humanistic alternatives for development? and what does humanisitc approaches follow?
maslow and rodgers
-focus on + aspects of development and proposes behavior is motivated by + drives and emotions
what is maslows hierarchy of needs?
-develops: motives or needs
- describes life needs in pyramid (hierarical) way
- needs must be met from bottom to top
what are the four hierarchies of maslow’s pyramid
(top)
-self actualization: wants full potential
-esteem: want sense of value and acceptance
-love/belonging: want’s companionship
-safety: home and shelter
-physiological: can’t be bleeding/healthy
(bottom)
explain Roger’s theory of self
-develops self concept
-focused on wanting to become “fully functioning self” w/o guilt
-develops in early childhood depending on parenting styles
how can parenting styles affect children’s upbringing according to Rogers
-child w/ unconditional love and + regard = more likely to have healthy self concept
-child w/ opposite (conditional love) = feel need to earn regard and may develop low self esteem
according to rogers what are our basic human needs?
self actualization + regard: if met with unconditional positive regard you get self actualization
-if met w/ conditional + self regard you may develop self-discrepancies
who believed in learning/behavioral developmental theories?
pavolov, watson, skinner
focused on how experiences in environment shapes child
Pavlov and development
-observable behavior w/ external stimuli
- said behavior is result of continued exposure to certain factors –> change is quantitative
-learning built from associations ie) classical conditioning
