how does large muscle coordination continue to improve in middle childhood?
show increases in strength and speed, hand-eye coordination improves
how does find motor coordination improve in middle childhood?
writing is possible + gets better, instrument playing, drawing, cutting, + others improves
do boys or girls develop faster in overall rate of growth (and how)
girls–> slightly more body fat + but less muscle tissue, on avg more coordinated but slower and somewhat weaker than boys, by 12 girls have 93% of height –> boys only have 84%
what occurs first when myelinization of neural axon across the cerebral cortex occurs?
sensory + motor myelinates first (may be linked to coordination improvements at this time)
what areas of the brain are myelinated during middle childhood?
cerebral cortex, frontal lobes (planning + logic), reticular formation (attention), association areas (sensory, motor, intellectual functions)increases info processing speed
what does right hemisphere lateralization contribute to?
increased spatial perception, R-L orientation and spatial cognition improves,
why might boys score better than girls on spatial orientation tests during middle childhood?
theorized it’s because of the nature of boys early play preferences
what is BMI?
body mass index –> proportion of body fat to elan body mass
what characterizes under, over weight and obese people on BMI?
under: BMI< 3rd percentile for sex + age
over: BMI > 85th percentile for sex + age
obese: BMI > 97th percentile for sex + age
how many Canadian children between 5-11 have unhealthy/suboptimal body weights?
25%
what are three risk factors for prediciting excessive weight gain in childhood?
-overweight parents
-large size for gestational age at birth
-early onset of being overweight (5 and under)
what are environmental and genetic factors that contribute to obesity?
-genetic predisposition
-epigenetic modifications set early in life
-environment that promotes overeating/low activity level
-lower socioeconomic status is at higher risk
-indigenous fams experiencing higher rates of food insecurity are at higher risk
what are concrete operations?
a set of mental schemes that enable children to understand relationships among objects and think logically to then apply to concrete problems
what are examples of sets of mental schemes used in concrete operations?
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, serial ordering
what should children be able to do by the end of the concrete operational stage?
conserve all of things and won’t be swayed by outward operations (see things clearly)
what is decentration?
ability to take multiple variables into account (now know that playdough only changes in shape not mass)
what is reversible thinking /reversibility?
ability to reverse and retrace your own thinking
what is hierarchical classification? and why is this possible?
being able to list things in hierarchy. possible due to reversibility by you must be able to go back and forth within the hierarchy levels to form it + compare
what is seriation?
where someone can make a plan for things and put events / things in a certain order
what is transitive inference?
the ability to make new inferences that are not explicitly stated within situation ex) if A=B then B=A
what are spatial operations?
when you understand observational things like why a car takes same amount of time if one was on longer path –> bc one on longer path was going faster
is the shift from preoperational to concrete thinking linear?
no it shifts back and forth and it take a while to really truly shift
what term challenged Piaget’s stages?
horizontal decalage: phenomenon where children take years to apply cog skills from shift
what did Robert Siegler suggest in opposition to Piaget’s stages?
stated that there are no stages and only sequences of problem solving rules that emerge from experience/trial and error and aren’t linked to age
