CH8

Question 1

what did Freud view the early childhood period time to consist of?

Answer 1

the time where children first gain control of bodily functions (anal stage) and where they renegotiate relationship with parents to prep for stepping out in to world (phallic stage)

Question 2

describe Erikson’s stage of autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 2

centers around new toddler mobility + desiring autonomy. must make mistakes and develop sense of control of own life, to complete stage –>must feel secure and confident

Question 3

what will happen if a child doesn’t succeed in attaining autonomy according to Erikson’s stage of autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 3

the child will have a sense of self doubt and inadequacy

Question 4

describe Erikson’s stage of initiative vs guilt

Answer 4

comes in alongside new cog skills bc they can now take initiative and plan + try new things and develop a sense of purpose

Question 5

what happens when a child is unsuccessful in the initiative vs guilt phase?

Answer 5

develop feelings of guilt and if child is criticized too much (specifically when they play) they will develop sense of guilt

Question 6

what is banduras social-cognitive thoery?

Answer 6

social and personality development in early childhood are related to improvements in cog domain–>assumes social/emotional changes are facilitated by cog growth attained in preschool yrs

Question 7

what is person perception?

Answer 7

ability to classify others according to categories (traits, age, gender, race)
-age 5 use traits that apply to people (nice/not nice)
-not always consistent bc they base judgements on recent interactions (don’t think generally)

Question 8

how and when do children understand person perception rule categories?

Answer 8

-distinguish dif 2-3yrs
-use classification skills and adults tendence to punish for moral transgression to distinguish between social conventions (pls and thank you) and moral rules (don’t push sister)

Question 9

at preschool what is the extent that children understand other intentions?

Answer 9

understand intentions to a certain degree “accident” didn’t meant to”
-understand that intentional wrong doing is deserving of greater punishment than unintentional rule breaking

Question 10

describe the importance of family relationships during preschool

Answer 10

preschooler is attached to fam + struggling to be independent
grasps that the attachment relationship continuously exists when partners are apart + internal model begins to generalize

Question 11

what does it mean when the internal model begins to generalize?

Answer 11

the attachment style that you have with your parents generalizes to all relationships around you (peers and teachers)

Question 12

what kind of relationship are securely attached preschoolers predicted to have?

Answer 12

a secure and positive relationship with teachers and peers

Question 13

what kind of relationship are insecurely attached preschoolers predicted to have?

Answer 13

more likely to display aggression and have negative critical attitudes towards themselves

Question 14

what does Diana Baumrind focus on?

Answer 14

the four aspects of family functioning

Question 15

what are the four aspects of family functioning?

Answer 15

-warmth or nurturance
-clarity and consistency of rules
-level of expectations
-communication between parents and child

Question 16

what are the outcomes of having nurturant and warm parents?

Answer 16

secure attachment, higher self-esteem, more empathetic, higher IQ’s +do better in school, less behavioral problems, protective factor for high-risk children

Question 17

what are the outcomes of having clear and consistent rules in the family?

Answer 17

less likely to be defiant or noncompliant, protective factor for high-risk children

Question 18

what are the outcomes of having high expectations in the family?

Answer 18

higher self-esteem, more generous and altruistic

Question 19

what is the outcome of having open and regular communication in the family?

Answer 19

more emotionally and socially mature children

Question 20

what is authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 20

low in nurturance + communication, high in control and maturity demands

Question 21

what is permissive parenting style

Answer 21

high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication

Question 22

what is authoritarian parenting?

Answer 22

high in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication

Question 23

what is uninvolved parenting?

Answer 23

low in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication

Question 24

what are the typical consequences of having an authoritative parent?

Answer 24

1/5 children have behavioral issues, more confidence, independence, maturity and intelligence

Question 25

what are the typical consequences of authoritarian parenting?

Answer 25

1/4 do worse in school, lower self esteem as child and teen

Question 26

what are consequences of having a permissive parent?

Answer 26

children end up being more immature and unintelligent

Question 27

what are the consequences of having an uninvolved parent?

Answer 27

almost half of children have behavioral issues, antisocial, and don't do well in school

Question 28

what has been found to be a better predictor for poor outcomes in child development?

Answer 28

parenting style is better predictor than socio-economic status for child development

Question 29

what are some of the impacts of lone parenting?

Answer 29

2-3 yrs don't experience specific problems but 4-11 rate of emotional and conduct disorder, hyperactivity, or school and relationship problems doubled

Question 30

what are skip generation families?

Answer 30

where the grandparents take care of the child not the birth parents

Question 31

why are relationships with peers so increasingly important from 2-6?

Answer 31

bc this is the critical period when brain development and function is most sensitive to social skill development

Question 32

what are social skills?

Answer 32

a set of behaviors that usually leads to being accepted as a play partner by peers, those with poor group entry are rejected by peers

Question 33

what does social skill training improve in children?

Answer 33

ability to make friends and be accepted and improved ability to regulate emotions

Question 34

what is functional play?

Answer 34

simple repetitive activities involving objects or repetitive muscle movements (usually 3yrs when do this) (brush hair)

Question 35

what is constructive play?

Answer 35

activities where children manipulate objects to produce or build something (lego)

Question 36

what is unoccupied play?

Answer 36

child makes random movements with no clear purpose (sitting looking out window)

Question 37

what is parallel play?

Answer 37

children play with similar toys in similar manner but don't interact (color beside each other)

Question 38

what is solitary play?

Answer 38

play alone

Question 39

what is associative play?

Answer 39

children interact w/ one another in groups of 2 or more --> share + borrow toys n such but don't do the same thing

Question 40

what is cooperative play?

Answer 40

play with one another, take turns, play games, and make contests

Question 41

what is onlooker play?

Answer 41

children simply watch each other play

Question 42

what is prosocial behavior, when does it first occur?

Answer 42

behavior intended to help another person (altruism), appears around 2-3yrs

Question 43

what is empathy associated with?

Answer 43

an ability to regulate emotions and child-rearing practices

Question 44

what do parents do to influence prosocial behavior?

Answer 44

-draw child's attention to how others are feeling -model thoughtful and generous behavior -explain effects of child's behavior on others -provide prosocial attributions (+ statements about cause of event or behavior) -look for opportunities for their children to do helpful things

Question 45

what is the timeline/development of friends look like from ages 2-4ish?

Answer 45

18mo: hints of playmate preferences 3yrs: 20% have a stable playmate 4yrs: more than 50% spend 30% or more of time with one other child

Question 46

what is having a stable friend in early childhood related to?

Answer 46

related to social competence during elementary school yrs

Question 47

what does the development/complexity of self-concept allow children to do?

Answer 47

exercise greater control over their own behavior, as they recognize and develop a temperament that turns into their personality

Question 48

why is effortful control important?

Answer 48

allows one to control their impulses and get along with others

Question 49

what do children with difficult temperaments learn due to their behaviors?

Answer 49

that their bad temperament will often result in peer rejection

Question 50

what does inborn infant temperament constitute the foundation of?

Answer 50

constitutes the foundation of personality in later childhood and adulthood

Question 51

what is the concept of "categorical self"?

Answer 51

the self-concept (and concept of others) tends to focus on visible characteristics (describes themselves to be blonde and blue eyes)

Question 52

what is sex-role knowledge?

Answer 52

stereotypes that are learned and developed when a child can categorize themselves and other people (age 2 earliest)

Question 53

what is the timeline of sex-role knowledge as a child ages from 2-6?

Answer 53

2yr: associate certain activities + professions w/ gender 3/4: can assign occupation, toys, and activities to gender 5: associate certain personality traits with gender 5/6: have sex-role figured and are now searching for a rule about how genders behave

Question 54

what are sex-typed behaviors?

Answer 54

different patterns of behavior exhibited by boys and girls

Question 55

what is "emotional self"?

Answer 55

ability to label and explain emotions

Question 56

what shift occurs in order to acquire a emotional regulation (emotional self)

Answer 56

slow shift of control from parents to the child

Question 57

what is the idea of a "social self"?

Answer 57

increasing awareness of oneself as player in social game, toddler develops scripts (playing house -->sociodramatic play where roles take place allowing independence to form)