1
Q
_______ is the most prevalent extinguishing agent in use.
A
Water
2
Q
Reasons for Water’s popularity in the fire service:
A
- It is inexpensive
- Its commonly available
- It is efficient at extinguishment
3
Q
Hooking a hose line directly to a hydrant and flowing water through a nozzle would be considered _________
A
normal operating pressure
4
Q
Water is found in 3 physical states: solid, liquid, and gas.
- At ______ begins to freeze.
- In temperature from ____ to ____ water is in liquid form
- From ____ and up, water is converted into steam, a gas.
A
- 32 degrees
- 32 deg to 212 deg
- 212 degrees
5
Q
At 212 degrees water expands ______ times its original volume.
A
1700 x
6
Q
Water extinguishes fire through 3 basic methods:
A
- Cools the burning material
- Smothers the fire
- Separates the fuel from the heat
7
Q
When water converts to steam, it can ____ the fire by displacing the oxygen in the room.
A
smother
8
Q
______ remains the main reason water extinguishes fire.
A
Cooling
9
Q
The amount of water needed to smother a fire:
A
Flow Requirement
10
Q
There are 3 nationally accepted formulas for figuring the flow requirement:
A
- National Fire Academy (NFA) formula
- Iowa State University (Iowa) formula
- Insurance Services Office (ISO, New York City) formula
11
Q
______ and _____ formulas are simple and easy to understand, and can be done on the FIRE Ground if needed.
A
- NFA Formula
- Iowa Formula
12
Q
The _____ formula was not designed to be used on the fire scene. It can be utilized during pre-incident planning
A
Insurance Services Office (ISO)
13
Q
Information about the ISO formula can be obtained from ___________
A
The Insurance Services Office
14
Q
NFA Formula:
A
NFF = L X W/3 X Percentage of Involvement
15
Q
NFF=
A
Needed Fire Flow
16
Q
In what formula is the 3 constant and never changes:
A
National Fire Academy (NFA) Formula
17
Q
Iowa Formula:
A
NFF = V/100
V = Volume
- found by multiplying L X W X H
- 100 is constant and never changes
18
Q
The NFA and Iowa formula assume that:
A
- the entire space is engulfed in flames
- Neither consider the type of material burning
19
Q
An effective fire stream is defined as:
A
the stream that meets its objective
20
Q
Nozzles are used to _____ fire streams.
A
shape
21
Q
The most widely used nozzle in the fire service today is the __________
A
fog nozzle
22
Q
All ________ break down solid streams of water into thousands of droplets of water that can be adjusted into various patterns. Pattern range is from straight stream to wide fog pattern.
A
fog nozzles
23
Q
The more droplets of water there are, the greater the ___________, meaning more heat is absorbed.
A
surface area
24
Q
Many fog nozzles require ____ psi at the nozzle to create an effective stream.
A
100 psi
25
Many new fog nozzles, have recognized problems and are capable of operating effectively at _______
75 psi
26
Low pressure mode on fog nozzle can operate at ______
50 psi
27
Smooth bore creates a solid stream that can be broken down into uneven droplets of water by _________
ricocheting off object
28
One of the best benefits of a smooth-bore nozzle is that ________________________
It creates a stream that does not generally disturb the thermal layers of the fire or push the heat and gasses into other areas, which can result in better survivability for occupants.
29
Solid streams tend to have better _______________
reach and penetration
| *wind does not affect stream as much
30
______ nozzles create a stream of water discharged by small orifices of various sizes and shapes.
Broken-stream
31
Most broken stream nozzles have a special type of application: a piercing nozzle or a cellar nozzle both apply water ________
blindly
32
_______ is lowered through hole in the floor and water is applied.
cellar nozzle
33
Steps taken to reduce friction loss:
- Reduce hose length
- Use larger hose
- Reduce number of couplings and appliances
- Reduce number of bends and kinks
- Change type or size of nozzle
34
3 steps used to figure pump discharge pressure needed:
1. Calculate the constants
2. Calculate additional pressure needed due to elevation
3. Calculate friction loss
35
Smooth-bore nozzles require ____ psi for master streams
| Smooth -bore nozzles require ____ psi for handlines
- 80 psi
| - 50 psi
36
Industry standard is _____ friction loss for deck guns
| and ____ friction loss form gated wyes
- 25 psi -deck guns
| - 10 psi -gated wyes
37
To calculate additional pressure needed due to elevation:
Figure half psi per foot of elevation
| *figure will be zero at ground level
38
All formulas figure friction loss in ____ ft of hose.
100 ft
39
Friction Loss Formula:
FL = Q(Q+Q+1)
Q = GPM/100
*Formula is applicable only to 2 1/2" flowing greater than 100 GPM
*If GPM is under 100, the 1 becomes 0.5
40
GPM is generally known by being aware of __________
The type of nozzles being used
41
Formula for determining GPM:
29.7 (d)^2√NP
42
Foams have generally been created for use on ______ and ________
- hazardous materials
| - Class A combustibles
43
When vapor mitigating foam of film-forming fluoroprotein foam is applies at the base oaf a tank and allowed to float to the top of the product.
subsurface injection
44
Foam is commonly used for 2 basic types of hazardous materials:
- hydrocarbons
| - polar solvents
45
Hydrocarbons are petroleum based products such as:
- gasoline
- benzene
- toulene
46
Polar solvents are common alcohol based products such as:
- ethanols
- ketones
- lacquer thinner
- some acids
47
Foam is created by using mechanical agitation to mix 3 ingredients:
- air
- water
- foam concentrate
48
Water is the primary ingredient in foam, _____ percent or more of foam is WATER. The other 10% is foam concentrate.
90%
49
There are 4 components of foam:
- Water
- Foam
- Air
- Agitation
50
Most manufacturers of foam require that they be proportioned at ____ % for polar solvents and
____ % for hydrocarbons.
6% for polar solvents
| 3% for hydrocarbons
51
Polar Solvent is made up of:
- air
- 94% water
- 6% foam concentrate
52
Hydrocarbon is made up of:
- air
- 97% water
- 3% foam concentrate
53
The suction is accomplished by creating a vacuum at the proportioner through a __________
Venturi
54
In many cases the required PSI for a proportioner is __________
stamped directly on the proportioner
55
The application of foam depends on:
- type of foam
- type of incident
- topography
- equipment used for the application
56
To apply foam on an ignited spill
1. Determine size of area
2. Multiply by application rate
3. Multiply by proportioned % 3 or 6
4. Result is amount of foam needed for one minute
5. Multiply number of minutes
57
Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and film-forming fluoroprotein foam (FFFP) are generally ____ for hydrocarbons and _____ for polar solvents.
- .10 hydrocarbons
| - .24 polar solvents
58
Class A foams:
- designed for Class A combustibles
- Makes water wetter
- breaks down surface tension
- referred to as "Wetting Agent"
- Very low proportion rate, usually 1 % or less
59
Class B Foams:
- protein foams
- FFFP
- Gold Foam
- AFFF
60
AFFF alcohol-type concentrate (AFFF ATC or AR) is applicable on both _____________
hydrocarbons (at 3%) and polar solvents (at 6%)
61
AFFF can be used on Class A fires if proportioned very low at _______
1%
62
_________ acts as an AFFF ATC- type foam but can be used on both polar solvents and hydrocarbons at 3%.
Gold Foam
63
Class A Foam has a very low proportion rate, usually ____ % or less.
1%
64
______________ produces high-quality foam bubbles that are small and consistent in size and density. Bubbles provide 25% better drain time.
Compressed air foam system (CAFS)
65
Bubbles from CAFS system allow foam to stay together and provide a ______ % better drain time for the foam, allowing it to work better.
25%
66
_______ is generally used on flammable liquid fires such as grease and gasoline, and is very common in fire extinguishers and hood systems.
Dry Chemical
67
A-B-C Extinguishers are __________
multipurpose
68
B-C Extinguishers are ___________
Ordinary purpose
69
Dry Chemicals extinguish Class B and C fires by interrupting the ______________
On Class A fires, they coat the material burning and extinguish the fire through ________
- Chemical chain reaction
| - Smothering
70
Ordinary Purpose (B-C) Extinguishers:
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- Potassium Bicarbonate
- Potassium Chloride
71
Multipurpose (A-B-C) Extinguishers:
- Ammonium Phosphate
- Monoammonium Phosphate
- Barium Sulfate
72
Dry Powders are special-purpose extinguishing agents used for specific applications such as combustible _______ or _______
Metals or Class D fires
73
Dry Powders are available in _______ and ______ form
- portable extinguisher
| - raw powdered (applied by shoveling)
74
__________ are designed for protecting kitchen hoods, plenums, exhaust ducts, grease filter, and cooking appliances from grease fires.
Wet Chemical fire suppression systems
75
_______ are used primarily on Class B and C fires and come in the form of portable or wheeled extinguishers.
Carbon Dioxide extinguishers
76
Halon was an extinguishing agent in 1980's and early 1990's that was banned from production under the _____________
Clean Air Act of 1994
77
Was banned because it was shown to damage the atmosphere upon discharge, depleting the ozone:
Halon
78
An additional fear of the halon system was:
potential danger to building occupants
79
According to _________, a halon system can remain in use as long as it is not discharged. Once discharged it can only be refilled with recycled Halon 1301 or replaced with different agent.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
80
Once discharged Halon can only be refilled with _________
recycled Halon 1301 or different agent
81
2 types of Halon were used and still seen in the field:
Halon 1211 - A liquid form
| Halon 1301- A gaseous form
82
__________ was primarily used fro protecting sensitive electronic equipment, such as computers and communication equipment, because it did not leave a residue.
Halon 1301
83
Was very common for fire protection of engines in high-end boats and yachts:
Halon 1301
84
Water-soluble compounds such as alcohol; requires foams that are alcohol-type concentrates (ATC)
Polar Solvents
