Binary fission
The name of the process by which bacteria reproduce.
Flagella
Propel bacteria (movement).
Sex pili
Transfer DNA from one cell to another (Bacterial Conjugation).
Glycocalyx
Protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss; contributes to the virulence of microbes; allows cells to attach to smooth surfaces key to biofilms; prevents phagocytosis.
Endospores
Created inside some bacteria to keep DNA from desiccation, heat damage, and chemical damage.
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis.
Plasma Membrane
Selectively permeable; regulates the entrance and exit of molecules/ions.
Common cell parts of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA and chromosomes genetic material; cell membrane (aka plasma or cytoplasmic membrane); cytosol (and/or cytoplasm); ribosomes.
Gram-positive
Stained purple, one major layer, has no outer membrane, 20-80nm (thick), narrow periplasmic space, permeability to molecules is more penetrable.
Gram-negative
Stained red, two major layers, 8-11nm (thinner), has an outer membrane, an extensive periplasmic space, and permeability to molecules is less penetrable.
Why Gram-negative infections are more difficult to treat
They have an extra outer membrane that acts as a strong barrier to antibiotics.
Two major groups of Prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea.
Cilia
Movement or motility of the entire cell or organism (protozoa) or movement of material in the upper respiratory tract; lines of trachea; have a wave-like or beating motion (animals).
Flagella (Eukaryotic cell part)
Appendages that enable motility, facilitating cell movement through liquids and surfaces by providing propulsion (wave-like motion).
Cytoplasm
Supports and suspends organelles, provides a medium for metabolic processes, acts as a transport system for molecules, and contributes to maintaining cell shape and structure.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell —> Site of ATP production.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER- Synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones. It detoxifies specifically in liver cells. Lastly, it stores calcium in muscles. Rough ER- Protein synthesis.
Nucleus
Stores info in DNA.
Nucleolus
Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis. Also contains pigment chlorophyll. (Similar function to mitochondria in animal cells).
Golgi body
Modifies proteins from the ER. Packages and prepares proteins for secretion or transport to other organelles. Also transports modified proteins via secretory vesicles.
Lysosomes
Sacs of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes that digest macromolecules, old organelles, viruses, and bacteria.
Ribosomes (Eukaryotic cell part)
Site of protein synthesis.
Vacuoles
Membraned storage sacs.
