What kind of organic molecule are most enzymes?
Proteins
Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy for chemical reactions.
What is denaturation in the context of enzymes?
Loss of its 3D shape, causing it to lose its function
Denaturation can occur due to high temperature, extreme pH, alcohol, or UV/radiation.
What are the end products of alcohol fermentation?
- Ethanol
- CO2
Alcohol fermentation is an anaerobic process.
What are the end products of lactic acid fermentation?
Lactic acid
Lactic acid fermentation occurs without ATP production during the actual process.
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor; anaerobic uses other molecules like nitrate or sulfate
This distinction affects the efficiency of energy production.
Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration.
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in eukaryotes?
Mitochondrial matrix
The Krebs Cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle.
Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur in prokaryotes?
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
The ETC is the final step of cellular respiration.
How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
2 ATP
Glycolysis also produces 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate.
How many ATP are produced in the Krebs Cycle?
2 ATP
The Krebs Cycle also produces electron carriers NADH and FADH2.
How many ATP are produced in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
32-34 ATP
The ETC yields the most ATP compared to other steps of cellular respiration.
What molecule starts glycolysis?
Glucose
The end product of glycolysis is 2 pyruvate and a net of 2 ATP.
What molecule is the starting substrate for the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA is derived from pyruvate.
How is water formed during the Electron Transport Chain?
Electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+) to form water (H2O)
This occurs at the end of the ETC.
How are redox reactions related to the Electron Transport Chain?
Redox reactions move electrons and release energy, helping to make ATP
This energy is essential for cellular functions.
