chapter 1

Question 1

what are SI units?

Answer 1

system international units

- the system used for all journal publications in exercise and sports medicine

Question 2

what is the unit used to measure force?

Answer 2

newton (N)

Question 3

what is the unit used to measure work and energy?

Answer 3

joule (J)

Question 4

what is the unit used to measure power?

Answer 4

watts (W)

Question 5

what is the unit used to measure velocity?

Answer 5

meters per second

Question 6

what is the unit used to measure torque?

Answer 6

newton per meter

Question 7

how do you calculate work?

Answer 7

work = force x distance

calculated in kilojoules (kJ)

Question 8

how much force does 1kg produce?

Answer 8

9.81 newtons (N)

Question 9

what is power and how do you calculate it?

Answer 9

the amount of work accomplished per unit of time, aka speed

power = work/time

Question 10

what is ergometry?

Answer 10

measurement of work output

Question 11

what is an ergometer?

Answer 11

an apparatus to measure specific work (ergometry)

Question 12

how does a cycle ergometer work?

Answer 12

• a belt is wrapped around the wheel, can be tightened/loosened
• distance is measured by calculating the revolution of pedals
• standard distance per revolution: 6m/revolution

Question 13

what is a percentage grade and how do you measure it?

Answer 13

the amount of verticle rise per 100 units of belt travel

% grade = sine of angle x 100

Question 14

what is an inclinometer?

Answer 14

a device that measures the angle sine of the treadmill

Question 15

how do you calculate vertical travel?

Answer 15

vertical travel = distance belt travels x % grade

Question 16

what is direct calorimetry?

Answer 16

measuring metabolic rate via heat production

Question 17

how do you measure direct calorimetry?

Answer 17

1. subject is in an enclosed chamber, isolated from the outside environment
2. the subject’s body temperature raises the overall temperature
3. estimate energy expenditure: total heat picked up + heat loss

Question 18

what is indirect calorimetry?

Answer 18

measuring metabolic rate through oxygen consumption

Question 19

what is open-circuit spirometry?

Answer 19

1. subject wears a nose clip
2. uses a respiratory valve mask to breathe in air from the room
3. exhaled gas is collected in a Douglas bag
4. oxygen and carbon dioxide are chemically analyzed

Question 20

what are METs?

Answer 20

metabolic equivalent

- represents resting metabolism to compare activity intenstity

Question 21

what is relative VO2?

Answer 21

a measurement of VO2 as a function of body weight

Question 22

what is exercise efficiency?

Answer 22

the capacity to convert energy expenditure into work

• work done : energy put in

Question 23

how do you calculate net efficiency?

Answer 23

% net efficiency = (work output/energy expenditure) x 100

Question 24

what are 3 factors that influence energy efficiency?

Answer 24

1. work rate
2. speed of movement
3. fiber type

Question 25

how does work rate effect energy efficiency?

Answer 25

as work rate increases, efficiency decreases

Question 26

how does speed of movement effect energy efficiency?

Answer 26

as we near optimum speed, efficiency increases

Question 27

how does fiber type effect energy efficiency?

Answer 27

a high % of slow muscle fibers have a higher efficiency because slow muscle fibers require less ATP

Question 28

what is strength?

Answer 28

the max force that a muscle can produce in 1 contraction

Question 29

what is a calorie?

Answer 29

a unit of energy - the amount of heat required to increase the heat of 1 gram of water by 1 degree

Question 30

how many kcals is 1 pound of fat?

Answer 30

3.5kcal

Question 31

1 MET is equivalent to how many ml of oxygen per minute?

Answer 31

1 MET = 3.5ml oxygen/minute oxygen decreases in higher altitude

Question 32

what is the average heart rate at rest?

Answer 32

70-90 bpm

Question 33

how does our body react to overheating?

Answer 33

- thermoreceptors (sensory receptors) pick up this stimulus - information is sent to the hypothalamus - the hypothalamus sends a response to the effectors - effectors release sweat to move the hot water to the skin where it is cooler

Question 34

how does our body react to a large amount of glucose in the blood?

Answer 34

- pancreas measures blood levels - receptors detect high sugar levels - information is sent to the hypothalamus - effectors release insulin to absorb excess sugar

Question 35

what is innervation?

Answer 35

determines what nerve delivers an impulse to a specific muscle