what is oxygen extraction?
when oxygen in the blood leaves and enters the cell
what is cellular respiration?
when oxygen leaves the blood and enters the cell, and carbon dioxide leaves blood and goes to the alveoli as a gas and is exhaled
what theory explains the movement of gas molecules?
the kinetic molecular theory
- states that gas molecules move by diffusion, from high to low concentration
what is the relationship between gas concentration and gas pressure?
as the concentration of gas increases, the gas pressure increases
what is the respiratory control centre?
medulla
how many breaths do we take per minute?
9-26
- athletes are on the lower end
smokers are on the higher end
what is emphysema?
- over- inflation of alveoli
- highest cause of death for smokers
when you have nasal congestion, why does your throat get sore in the morning after waking up?
nasal congestion blocks the nasal airway leaving the mouth as the only passage, the mouth is open throughout the night causing it to dry and become irritated
explain inhalation.
- also called inspiration
- air goes in
- volume in chest increases, increasing longitude volume
- diaphragm lowers
- external intercostal muscles move rib cage up and out
explain exhalation.
- also called expiration
- air goes out
- volume in chest decreases, decreasing longitude volume
diaphragm elevates - external intercostal muscles move rib cage down and in
explain forced/exercise breathing.
- muscles promote exhalation to get rid of carbon dioxide
- internal intercostal muscles move ribcage
what is the valsalva maneuver?
- not breathing during exercise
- glottis (in throat) closes while lifting weight so air does not go out
- greatly increases blood pressure due to compression/squeezing of vena cava which decreases venous blood return
what is the most abundant atom in the atmosphere?
nitrogen (70%)
what are the alveoli?
airs sacs in the lungs that exchange gas
what does the respiratory anatomy consist of?
pharynx trachea bronchi/broncha bronchioles alveoli
what is the upper airway and how does it relate to our breathing?
upper airway: nose, mouth, pharynx
- prepares the air before it goes to the lungs
- warms air, humidifies (moistens air), cilia traps small particles and filters it out
what is title volume (T.V.)?
- amount of air breathed in, in 1 breath
- amount of air in = air out
what is vital capacity (V.C.)?
- maximum volume of air exhaled following one’s deepest inhalation
- can be measured using a respirometer
what is total lung capacity (T.L.C.)?
- maximum air in 1 inhalation
- TLC = title volume + residual volume)
- swimmers have a higher TLC
what is residual volume (R.V.)?
- what’s left in the lungs following maximum exhalation
- untrained people have a higher RV because they have more CO2 left in their lungs
- older people have a higher RV because their elasticity is lost and they can’t take in-push out as much air
what is minute ventilation (VE)?
- volume of air inhaled in one minute
- average is 6L for a healthy individual
how does air get into the lungs if gas moves from high to low concentration?
the many subdivisions cause less resistance and there’s a decreased concentration in these bronchi/bronchioles than a single trachea
where is pO2 the greatest?
in the pulmonary veins
where is pCO2 the greatest?
venous blood
