nervous system

Question 1

what is the white matter on a spinal cord diagram?

Answer 1

fat

Question 2

what is the grey matter on a spinal cord diagram?

Answer 2

neurons

Question 3

why do children lack motor skills?

Answer 3

their myelin in still immature

Question 4

what is multiple sclerosis? what are the symptoms?

Answer 4

• a disease that attacks myelin

- symptoms: fatigue, no coordination, impaired sensation

Question 5

what is the function of the premotor cortex?

Answer 5

• controls advanced movements
• sport/high skill area
• 6th sense

Question 6

what is the 10 000 hour principal?

Answer 6

10 years, 10 000 hours is how long it takes to be an elite athlete

Question 7

what is the cerebellum?

Answer 7

• compares information from effector impulses (what’s been done) and sensory receptors (how it was done)
• makes revised impulses (correction factor) from the cerebral cortex

Question 8

what is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 8

where original effector impulse was initiated

Question 9

what is the reflex arc? what are the 4 steps?

Answer 9

• involuntary muscle contraction

step 1: receptors puck up stimuli
step 2: sensory/afferent neurons conduct impulse to spinal corn
step 3: association/interneurons process information, execute a response, and send an efferent impulse
step 4: motor/efferent neurons conduct efferent impulse to effectors/muscles

Question 10

what is the sensory area?

Answer 10

• where sensory impulses terminate

- sensation occurs when impulses reach here

Question 11

what is the motor area?

Answer 11

• where efferent impulses originate
• the start of motions
• actions can’t be done when these areas are damaged

Question 12

what is the cerebrum?

Answer 12

• outside portion of cerebral cortex

- largest part of the brain

Question 13

what does “neur-“ mean?

Answer 13

nervous system

Question 14

what does it mean when a muscle is innervated?

Answer 14

a muscle is stimulated

Question 15

nerves ____, muscles ____.

Answer 15

nerves conducts, muscles contract

Question 16

what is anaerobic glycolysis? (requires and produces)

Answer 16

• requires CHO

- produces lactic acid and ATP energy

Question 17

what is aerobic glycolysis? (requires and produces)

Answer 17

• requires protein, fat, CHO, and O2

- produces CO2, H2O, ATP

Question 18

what is mitochondria’s fuel?

Answer 18

free fatty acids

Question 19

what are the structures of a neuron?

Answer 19

1. dendrites
2. cell body
3. axon
4. myelin
5. nodes of ranvier
6. schwann cell

Question 20

what is an axon?

Answer 20

• long fibre
• conductor
• covered to protect it from damage

Question 21

what is myelin?

Answer 21

• covering on axon

- fat deposits insulate

Question 22

what are the nodes of ranvier?

Answer 22

gap between schwann cells

Question 23

what are schwann cells?

Answer 23

allows conduction to jump from node to node

Question 24

what is a nerve synapse?

Answer 24

gap between neurons

Question 25

what is a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 25

- also called myoneuron junction | - gap between terminal (last) neuron and muscle

Question 26

what is muscle recruit?

Answer 26

the determining of which muscles to innervate in order to do a movement

Question 27

how do we increase muscular force?

Answer 27

by increasing the number of fibres used

Question 28

what are the 2 systems within the nervous system?

Answer 28

1. central nervous system | 2. peripheral nervous system

Question 29

what is the central nervous system?

Answer 29

- in charge of everything, the highest centre | - consists of the brain and spinal cord

Question 30

what is the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 30

- consists of sensory/afferent and motor/efferent nerves | - sensory nerves receive stimuli and send it the CNS for processing

Question 31

what systems do the motor/efferent nerves control?

Answer 31

autonomic and somatic nervous system

Question 32

what is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 32

- controls vital organs and involuntary muscle | - keeps the body in balance

Question 33

what is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 33

controls skeletal and voluntary muscle

Question 34

what systems do the autonomic nervous system control?

Answer 34

sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Question 35

what is the sympathetic system?

Answer 35

speeds up body functions example) speeds up heart rate, cocaine

Question 36

what is the parasympathetic system?

Answer 36

slows down/inhibits body functions example) fentanyl

Question 37

what is a proprioreceptor?

Answer 37

picks up specialized movement stimuli

Question 38

what is kinesthesia?

Answer 38

- the feeling of movement | - how something feels good/bad and how positioning feels good/bad

Question 39

what are the 3 proprioreceptors?

Answer 39

1. muscle spindle (in muscles) 2. golgi tendon organ (in tendon) 3. pacinian corpyscle (in joints)

Question 40

what is a muscle spindle?

Answer 40

- along the side of muscle fibres - causes contraction when muscle stretches too fast/much - has a fascilitory response: a response to an incorrect movement

Question 41

what is a golgi tendon organ?

Answer 41

- picks up tension stimuli | - relaxes/inhibits to allow continuation of passive stretching

Question 42

what is proprioneuro fascilitory?

Answer 42

- stretching after surgery to gain more stretch | - isometric contraction > relax > further stretch

Question 43

what is acetyl choline?

Answer 43

- conducts impulse to the end of it's destination (the muscle) - when impulse reaches synapse, ACH is released to bring impulse to postsynaptic neuron

Question 44

what are the 3 states of neurons/muscles?

Answer 44

1. polarization 2. depolarization 3. repolarization

Question 45

what is polarization?

Answer 45

- muscle at rest - positive and negative ions are inside and outside neurolemma, more positive charges outside - nothing happens because of the location of Na+ and K+ - at resting potential

Question 46

what is resting potential?

Answer 46

-85mV

Question 47

what is the neurolemma?

Answer 47

cell membrane of neuron

Question 48

what is depolarization?

Answer 48

- cell membrane is permeable to Na+, allowing Na+ to enter cell and K+ goes outside - cell inside is positive, outside is negative - at action potential

Question 49

what is action potential?

Answer 49

-70mV sudden change in electrical activity across nerve/muscle membrane due to a rapid flow of Na+ across cell membrane into cell, releasing acetyl choline

Question 50

what is repolarization?

Answer 50

- Na+ goes back outside cell via Na+ pump - K+ goes back inside of cell - preparation for the next impulse/contraction

Question 51

how does the muscle reach action potential?

Answer 51

- muscle receives excitability and inhibitory stimuli at the same time - excitability > inhibitory to reach action potential