1
Q
brain hypothesis
A
the brain is the source of behavior
2
Q
neuron hypothesis
A
the unit of brain structure and function is the neuron
3
Q
phrenology
A
cognitive functions localized in specific brain areas
- laid foundation for localization of function
- precursor for many maps of the brain
4
Q
A
5
Q
A
8
Q
A
9
Q
corticospinal tract
A
connects brain to muscle
10
Q
broca’s area
A
11
Q
corpus callosum
A
connects right and left hemispheres (largest)
12
Q
wernicke’s area
A
connected to Broca’s area via arcuate fasiculus
13
Q
connection aphasia
A
disconnection between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area will impair word repetition while speech production and movement will be retained
15
Q
Paul Broca
A
patient paralyzed on right side of the body
17
Q
levels of functional hierarchy
A
- spinal cord
- brainstem
- forebrain
18
Q
Carl Wernicke
A
- proposed first model for organization of language
- proposed that regions of the brain have different functions but still must interact to work correctly
- identified that the left hemisphere was dominant for language
20
Q
A
21
Q
A
23
Q
neuroplasticity
A
just because a part of the brain is lesioned does not mean that the function cannot be recovered
24
Q
Pierre Flourens
A
- removed areas of cortex in animal brain and studied changes in behavior
- refuted localization of function
- showed no specialization for cortex
- specialization for brain stem
- remaining brain stem can substitute for function of cortex
25
Q
functional hierarchy of the brain
A
- each successively higher level of nervous system controls more complex aspects of behavior
- when higher levels are damaged, behavior becomes simpler, less evolved
27
Q
patient HM
A
- removal of a part of temporal lobe to treat epilepsy
- partial amnesia
- able to learn motor skills
- inability to remember acquiring that skill
- multiple memory systems
29
Q
neuron theory
A
- neurons are the nerve cells in the brain and work as its functional units
- neuron sends electrical signals along the dendrites and axons by chemical means
- neurons communicate via synapses
- neurons are plastic
30
Q
the brain is the source of behavior
A
brain hypothesis
31
Q
the unit of brain structure and function is the neuron
A
neuron hypothesis
32
Q
cognitive functions localized in specific brain areas
- laid foundation for localization of function
- precursor for many maps of the brain
A
phrenology
33
connects brain to muscle
corticospinal tract
34
broca's area
35
connects right and left hemispheres (largest)
corpus callosum
36
connected to Broca's area via arcuate fasiculus
wernicke's area
37
disconnection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area will impair word repetition while speech production and movement will be retained
connection aphasia
38
patient paralyzed on right side of the body
Paul Broca
39
1. spinal cord
2. brainstem
3. forebrain
levels of functional hierarchy
40
* proposed first model for organization of language
* proposed that regions of the brain have different functions but still must interact to work correctly
* identified that the left hemisphere was dominant for language
Carl Wernicke
41
just because a part of the brain is lesioned does not mean that the function cannot be recovered
neuroplasticity
42
* removed areas of cortex in animal brain and studied changes in behavior
* refuted localization of function
* showed no specialization for cortex
* specialization for brain stem
* remaining brain stem can substitute for function of cortex
Pierre Flourens
43
* each successively higher level of nervous system controls more complex aspects of behavior
* when higher levels are damaged, behavior becomes simpler, less evolved
functional hierarchy of the brain
44
* removal of a part of temporal lobe to treat epilepsy
* partial amnesia
* able to learn motor skills
* inability to remember acquiring that skill
* **multiple memory systems**
patient HM
45
* neurons are the nerve cells in the brain and work as its functional units
* neuron sends electrical signals along the dendrites and axons by chemical means
* neurons communicate via synapses
* neurons are plastic
neuron theory
46
47
48
a major role of CSF is to:
cushion the brain and spinal cord from shock
49
meninges & CSF
anti inflammatory
50
51
broca's aphasia
language production deficit
52
wernicke's aphasia
language comprehension deficit
53
anti inflammatory
meninges & CSF
54
language production deficit
broca's aphasia
55
language comprehension deficit
wernicke's aphasia
56
aphasia
problem with communitcation
57
Vaidya et al 2020 - Lesion studies in Contemporary Neuroscience
main idea and evidence
Lesion studies are essential for neurobehavioral research and should be used in collaboration with modern imaging techniques
* Compare/contrast imaging to lesion studies and their scopes
* Figure 2 (schematics of different lesion methodologies)
* Lesion studies can ID causal links vs association (imaging does this) and cited studies
* Box 2 - strengths of studies (if you can jump through these hoops its effective and here’s why)
58
problem with communitcation
aphasia
