Chapter 1: history

Question 1

Define pathogenic

Answer 1

Anything capable of causing disease

Question 2

Define virulence

Answer 2

The measure of pathogenicity

Question 3

Virulence factor

Answer 3

Characteristics that enable the microbe to be a pathogen

Question 4

What are some beneficial aspects associated with microbes?

Answer 4

1. Convert nitrogen to usable form by plants
2. Aid in digestive processes
3. Decomposition
   -food chains
   -recycling nutrients
   -bioremediation
   -biotech and genetic engineering
   -protection and vitamin production by normal flora

Question 5

Define bioremediation

Answer 5

The use of microbes to degrade environmental pollutants and toxins

Question 6

What are normal flora

Answer 6

Bunch of different microbes that are just around us

Question 7

What are the groups of organisms/agents associated with microbiology? (6 categories)

Answer 7

1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
4. Unicellular algae
5. Acellular agents
6. Helminths

Question 8

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 8

First to view microorganisms

Question 9

Pasteur

Answer 9

Boiled broth and swan neck. Does not become contaminated.

Proved biogenesis

Lead to attenuation

Question 10

Lister

Answer 10

Improved sanitation of implements

Question 11

Semmelweis

Answer 11

Recognized hospital-acquired infections

Implemented hand washing

Question 12

Koch

Answer 12

Pure culture

Identified agent that cause anthrax

Question 13

Jenner

Answer 13

Immunology

Question 14

Ehrlich

Answer 14

Discovered chemotherapy (“magic bullet”)

Question 15

Fleming

Answer 15

Discovered lysozyme

Question 16

Griffith

Answer 16

Discovered process transformation

Question 17

Define attenuation

Answer 17

Process of inactivating microbes for the use of vaccines

Question 18

Define chemotherapy

Answer 18

The use of chemicals to trace disease

Question 19

Define lysozyme

Answer 19

Enzyme that lyses microbes

Question 20

What is the spontaneous generation theory?

Answer 20

Microorganisms could arise from non-living things

Question 21

What is the theory of biogenesis?

Answer 21

Organisms can only arise from other living organisms

Question 22

What experiment proved biogenesis?

Answer 22

Pasteur’s broth and swan neck flask

Question 23

Define Pasteurization

Answer 23

Process that heats wine and diary products to kill most microbes

Question 24

What is the functions of lysozymes?

Answer 24

Break down the cell wall of microbes

Question 25

What is the function of penicillin?

Answer 25

Prevents the formation of cell wall if present during cell division

Question 26

What is the function of antibiotic?

Answer 26

Chemical that comes from a microbe that inhibits other microbes.

Question 27

Define pure culture

Answer 27

A culture containing only one species

Question 28

Define nosocomial

Answer 28

Hospital-acquired infections

Question 29

What are the 6 most dangerous infections/organisms with regard to bioterrorism?

Answer 29

1. B. anthracis 2. Y. Pestis 3. F. tularensis 4. Botulism 5. Smallpox virus 6. Hemorrhagic fever