Honors Chemistry > Chapter 1 - Scientific Method > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Scientific Method Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

A logical approach to solving problems

It emphasizes observation and experimentation.

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2
Q

What are some limitations of the scientific method?

A

Cannot examine some things:
* beliefs/opinions
* good and evil

Ethical Issues:
should we do it just because we can?

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3
Q

What are some strengths of the scientific method?

A

there is no correct order; it is flexible!
it is very logical and can solve many problems

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4
Q

What does science and knowledge derive from?

A

Observing natural events and conditions to discover facts and formulate laws/principles that can be verified and tested.

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5
Q

What does chemistry study?

A

The composition, structure, and changes of materials

It involves understanding substances and their interactions.

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6
Q

What is an organic chemistry?

A

The study of carbon and its compounds.

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7
Q

What is inorganic chemistry?

A

The study of all other elements and compounds other than carbon.

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8
Q

What does physical chemistry study?

A

The relationship between matter and energy.

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9
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of living things and their processes.

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10
Q

What does analytical chemistry study?

A

The composition and components of a substance.

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11
Q

What is theoretical chemistry?

A

The study of substances using computers and technology.

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12
Q

What is basic research?

A

Carried out for the sake of knowledge; chance discovery may occur.

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13
Q

What is applied research?

A

Carried out to solve a specific problem.

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14
Q

What is technological research?

A

Typically involves production and use of products that improve quality of life.

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15
Q

What are some other types of research

A

Includes:
* Pharmaceutical science
* Forensic science
* Green chemistry

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16
Q

What is the first step of the scientific method?

A

Observing.

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17
Q

What is observing in the context of the Scientific Method?

A

Observing involves collecting data.

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18
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Quantitative data is numeric data that measures.

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19
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Qualitative data is non-numeric data that describes.

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20
Q

What are extensive properties?

A

Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter.

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21
Q

What are intensive properties?

A

Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter.

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22
Q

What is experimenting in the Scientific Method?

A

Experimenting is done under controlled conditions to make observations.

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23
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is a high energy ionized state of matter.

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24
Q

What is matter?

A

has mass and takes up space.

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25
What is mass?
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter.
26
What are chemical properties?
Chemical properties refer to a substance's ability to undergo changes that alter its composition or identity.
27
What is an element?
An element is composed of one kind of atom and cannot be broken down further by physical/chemical means
28
What are physical changes?
Physical changes do not change the identity of a substance.
29
What are the three major states of matter?
The three major states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
30
What are changes of state?
Changes of state are always physical changes. ## Footnote Example: snow = H2O
31
What are chemical changes/reactions?
Chemical changes or reactions occur when one substance is converted to a different one.
32
What is the Periodic Table?
The Periodic Table shows elements organized by chemical properties.
33
What are groups/families in the Periodic Table?
Groups or families share similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence (outer level) electrons.
34
What are periods in the Periodic Table?
Periods contain the same type of electron shells.
35
What are metals?
Metals are shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors.
36
What are nonmetals?
Nonmetals are brittle and poor conductors.
37
What are metalloids?
Metalloids are intermediate in properties between metals and nonmetals.
38
What are noble gases?
Noble gases are generally unreactive.
39
What is a System?
Defined part of the universe being studied.
40
What is a Hypothesis?
A testable statement.
41
What is a Model?
A simplified representation of a real-world object or phenomenon that helps scientists explain, understand, and predict its behavior.
42
What is a Theory?
A broad generalization that explains a behavior.
43
What are the steps in Formulating Hypotheses?
1. Organizing data 2. Analyzing data 3. Formulating hypotheses 4. Establishing laws.
44
How do you Organize data?
By making graphs, charts, and tables.
45
How do you Analyze data?
By using statistics and mathematical relationships.
46
What are Laws in scientific terms?
Broad generalizations that describe a behavior.
47
What is Inertia?
Resistance to change in motion.
48
What is Weight?
A measure of the earth's gravitational attraction on matter.
49
What is Kinetic Energy?
Energy in motion.
50
What is Potential Energy?
Energy of position or stored energy.
51
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed by ordinary means but can be converted from one form to another.
52
What are the states of matter?
Solid (definite shape and volume), Liquid (definite volume, no definite shape), Gas (no definite shape or volume).
53
What is the relationship between particles in solids, liquids, and gases?
In solids, particles are touching; in liquids, particles are touching but moving freely; in gases, particles are not touching.
54
What is a physical property?
A property that can be observed or measured without altering the identity of the material.
55
What are examples of physical properties?
Color, solubility, density, hardness, boiling point.
56
What is a chemical property?
A property that can only be observed or measured while altering the identity of the material.
57
What are reactants?
Substances that undergo a chemical change (what you start with).
58
What are products?
Substances that are produced (what you end with). ## Footnote Example: sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride.
59
What indicates a chemical reaction?
The formation of products from reactants.
60
What is a characteristic of clear liquids in a reaction?
Two clear solutions can become cloudy when mixed.
61
What is one indication of a chemical reaction?
Evolution of light.
62
What is the production of gas?
Another indication of a chemical reaction.
63
What is the formation of a precipitate?
A solid formed during a chemical reaction.
64
What does color change indicate?
A potential indication of a chemical reaction (if not using dye).
65
What is evolution of heat?
An indication of a chemical reaction.
66
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that releases heat (reactants have more energy than products). ## Footnote Example: water to ice feels warm.
67
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs heat (reactants have less energy than products). ## Footnote Example: ice to water feels cold.
68
What is an element?
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
69
What is a pure substance?
A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite physical and chemical properties.
70
What is a compound?
A pure substance that can be separated by chemical means but not physical means, made up of two or more elements that lose their identity to form a new one. ## Footnote Example: 2g H + 16g O → 18g H2O.
71
What is the Law of Definite Composition?
A chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass.
72
What is a mixture?
Two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own properties.
73
What is a homogeneous mixture?
A mixture that is uniform throughout (e.g., air, brass, seawater).
74
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture that is not uniform throughout (e.g., milk, vegetable soup, granite).
75
Where are metals located on the periodic table?
Metals are to the left of the staircase.
76
What are the properties of metals?
1. Ductile 2. Malleable 3. High tensile strength 4. Good conductors of heat and electricity
77
Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?
Nonmetals are to the right of the staircase.
78
What are the properties of nonmetals?
1. Brittle 2. Not ductile 3. Not malleable 4. Dull 5. Not good conductors
79
Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?
Metalloids are touching on both sides of the staircase.
80
What are the characteristics of metalloids?
Metalloids have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
81
What are the classes of matter?
1. Element 2. Compound 3. Mixture
82
What is a pure substance?
A pure substance cannot be separated by physical means.
83
What is a mixture?
A mixture can be separated by physical means and retains the identity of its components.
84
What is the law of conservation of matter/mass?
matter cannot be created or destroyed by ordinary means ## Footnote A + B → AB Example: 10g + 20g = 30g
85
What is tensile strength?
Tensile strength refers to the ability to expand and contract under great pressure.
86
What is the second step in the Scientific Method?
Formulating Hypothesis: analyzing and organizing data
87
How to organize while formulating a hypothesis?
making graphs, charts, and/or tables
88
How to analyze while formulating a hypothesis?
use statistics/mathematical relationships
89
What is a hypothesis?
a testable statement
90
What is a law?
broad generalization that DESCRIBES a behavior
91
What is the third step of the scientific method?
Testing: predicting outcomes of experiments based upon hypothesis and law
92
What is involved in testing?
Controls vs. Variables testing takes places continuously! repetition and replication
93
What is the fourth step of the Scientific Method?
Theorizing: explains why and how something occurs
94
What is a theory?
a broad generalization that explains a behavior. It can never be proven!!!! never free from testing (not a weakness)
95
What is done during the step of theorizing?
construction of models, visuals, verbal, and mathematical
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