Group/Family
verticals column of elements on PT
Period/Series
of energy levels
horizontal row of elements on PT
Transition Elements
metals that can use the inner shell before the outer to bond
Group: 3-12
Inner Transition Elements
progressively fill inner f-orbitals, leading to unique physical/chemical characteristics
Atomic Radii
1/2 the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms bonded together
Atomic Radii Trend
Decreases across
Increases down
Ionic Radii
1/2 distance distance of the nucleuses of identical ions bonded together
Ionic Radii Trends
Decreased across
Increases Down (metals decrease < nonmetals decrease)
Electronegativity
measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract e- from another atom in the compound
Electronegative Trends
Increases Across ( except NB )
Decreases down
Most Electronegative element
Fluorine
Ionization Energy
energy required to remove 1 e- from a neutral atom
A^o + energy —– A^+ + e-
Ionization Energy Trend
Increases across
Decreases down
Electron Affinity
energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom
A^o + e- —— A^- + EA
A + e- + energy —— A^-
Electron Affinity Trend
Increases Across
Decreases Down
Octet Law
if there are 8 valence e-, the atom is at the lowest energy possible and won’t react
Coulums Law
F & q1q2/r^2
q = charge
r= distance
F = force of attraction
Where are electrons gained\lost from
Removed - highest energy level
Gained - highest energy level orbital
Zeff
of protons
Law of Triads
Johann Doberiener
states that elects can be grouped by 3s
not applicable to all elements
Law of Octaves
John Newlands
when elements arranged by atomic mass, every eight element shares chem. properties
only worked for first 20
Mendeleev
arranged periodic table by atomic weight and predicted gaps of unknown elements
Law of Triads
Johanne Dobereiner
states that elements can be arranged by 3s
only worked for few
Law of Octaves
John Newlands
when elements are organized by atomic mass, every eighth element has similar chemical properties
only worked for first 20 elements
