1
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
located in the heart
consists of short, branching fibers that fit together at intercalated disks
striated appearance when viewed under a microscope
involuntary muscle because it contracts automatically.
2
Q
Smooth muscle
A
located in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder, airways, and uterus,
nonstriated
involuntary muscle- contracts automatically (such as when the digestive tract processes food).
3
Q
Skeletal muscle
A
attached to bone
allows movement of the body
striated when examined with a microscope
voluntary- contracted at will.
4
Q
**sarcolemma
A
membrane surrounding each muscle fiber
5
Q
sarcoplasm
A
cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
6
Q
myofibrils
A
fill the sarcoplasm. (Myofibrils store glycogen and oxygen.)
7
Q
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
A
surrounds each myofibril. (This is where calcium ions are stored.)
8
Q
Transverse (T) tubules
A
extend across the sarcoplasm. (T tubules allow electrical impulses to travel deep into the cell.)
9
Q
Myofibrils consist of even finer fibers, called ____________
A
myofilaments
10
Q
What are two types of myofilaments
A
thin and thick
11
Q
Thick myofilaments
A
made of a protein called myosin
12
Q
Thin myofilaments
A
consist of a protein called actin
13
Q
Troponin
A
cardiac muscle damage with elevated level/ also sepsis/ chf/PE/myocarditis/renal failure
14
Q
muscle fiber
A
Skeletal muscle
consists of bundles of tiny fibers that run the length of the muscle
15
Q
fascia
A
thin connective tissue that surrounds the muscles and organs to hold them in place
16
Q
Deep fascia
A
lies between muscles—thick and dense fibrous tissue-surrounds the M systems
17
Q
superficial fascia
A
[hypodermis] resides just under the skin—anal spincter
18
Q
A single muscle cell is called a:
A
Muscle Fiber
19
Q
sarcomeres
A
sight of muscle contraction/will shorten with contraction
20
Q
myosin
A
fibrous protein that allows for muscle motion
21
Q
actin
A
proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton—allows for muscle contraction
22
Q
Muscle contraction is a result of the ______ and ________ working next to each other and allow for muscle __________/_________
A
myosin, acting, contracting, shortening
23
Q
neuromuscular junction
A
connection between a motor neuron and muscle fiber
24
Q
Na and K are necessary and an action potential will occur/Ca will release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind with Troponin, what does this cause?
A
The myosin and actin to work together for muscle shortening
25
Muscle relaxation
Ach is no longer released to the neuromuscular junction.
Acetylcholinesterase will breakdown any leftover Ach
Ca returns to the SR-leaving troponin to prevent myosin action
26
Muscle tone
partial contraction-amount of tension/resistance to movement in a muscle
partial contraction is not a negative action-allows body to prepare or react to stressful event
allows person to sit upright
allows person to stand
allows for speed/control and amount of movement for the body
27
muscle contraction
is r/t the fiber length prior to the contraction
In an overly contracted fiber, the sarcomeres are shortened causing a weak contraction
Overly stretched fibers—weak contraction
Strong contraction occurs when thin and thick filaments are partially overlapped.
The NS is working with the Muscular system to allow muscles to contract and relax
28
During muscle contraction, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases which substance?
Calcium
29
****Motor unit
A neuron and all the fibers it stimulates
30
****Threshold
The minimum voltage needed to cause muscle fiber contraction
31
****Twitch
Single, brief contraction
32
****slow twitch
responds slowly to stimuli---but lasts for longer length of time so muscles do not become fatigued quickly---marathon runners/allows for ADLs/walking/sitting in chair
33
****fast twitch
rapid action-muscle will tire quickly----sprinters/weight lifting/jumping jacks
34
Factors Affecting Muscle Contraction
Frequency of stimuli
Strength of stimulus
Type of contraction
35
treppe
When a muscle contracts several times in a row, the last contraction is stronger than the first
muscle has usually been dormant for a period of time contraction of muscle will occur during the relaxation phase
strength of muscle will increase with each contraction----staircase
36
****incomplete tetanus
muscle fibers do not relax so the contractions continue however the inability to relax will cause fatigue
usually part of daily living as person completes tasks
muscle spasms/cramps
37
****Complete tetanus
muscles do not relax between stimuli
muscle has action of one prolonged contraction
involuntary action/r/t hypocalcemia
generalized spasms similar to seizure activity
38
Frequency of stimuli
Treppe, Incomplete Tetanus, Complete Tetanus
39
strong stimulus
excites more nerve fibers and more motor units
The more fibers contracting at once, the stronger the contraction
40
Trecruitment
action as the result of an increased number of motor neurons
41
****isotonic contractions
the muscle changes length and moves a load of something such as the weights
but the tension within the muscle remains the same. walking/ running/ hiking/ swimming
42
****isometric contractions
the tension within a muscle increases but length remains the same. handstands/holding at the top of pull up exercises/bicep curls
43
A condition of rapid contraction with only partial relaxation is called:
A. incomplete tetanus.
B. complete tetanus.
C. twitch.
D. treppe.
Correct answer: A
Rationale:
In complete tetanus, the muscle does not relax at all.
Twitch is a single, brief contraction.
In treppe, the last contraction is stronger than the first.
44
Energy Source for Contraction
Fatty Acids, Creatine Phosphate, Glucose
45
****aerobic respiration
used to break down the fatty acids for energy
46
****___________ ____________ can generate energy quickly and is useful for intense bursts of activity
Anaerobic respiration
47
****All muscle contraction requires energy in the form of ____________ ____
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
48
****By-products of aerobic respiration are ________ _________ & ________
Carbon dioxide & water
49
****Lactic Acid
Byproduct of anaerobic respiration that accumulates in muscles and leads to muscle fatigue
50
At rest, muscles obtain most of their energy by metabolizing:
A. glucose.
B. lactic acid.
C. creatine phosphate.
D. fatty acids.
Correct answer: D
Rationale:
Muscles break down creatine phosphate at the beginning of exercise, followed by glucose until oxygen levels reach an acceptable level.
Lactic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration.
51
origin
the end of the muscle that attaches to the stationary bone
52
insertion
end of the muscle that attaches to the bone---necessary for muscle contraction
53
belly
the thick midsection of the muscle
54
_______ ______ work in groups to create movement
skeletal muscle
55
prime mover
main muscle that triggers movement
56
synergists
muscle that assist with movement
57
antagonists
muscles that allow for balance ---oppose action of the prime mover by relaxing
58
Flex/extend action
with flexion of the upper extremity the muscles of the arm will bend/extend
59
How many muscles does the human body have?
600
60
Deltoid
can be used for intramuscular injections
61
Superficial muscle
able to palpate
62
****Hypertrophy
enlarged muscle
63
****Atrophy
muscle will shrink in size
64
Vastus lateralis
intramuscular injections
65
Frontalis
Raises the eyebrows when glancing upward or when showing surprise
66
Orbicularis oculi
A sphincter muscle that closes the eye when blinking or squinting
67
Zygomaticus
Draws the mouth upward when laughing
68
Orbicularis oris
Closes the mouth and purses the lips, such as when kissing
69
Buccinator
Assists in smiling and blowing (such as when playing a trumpet or whistling)
70
Temporalis
Aids in closing the jaw
71
Masseter
Closes the jaw
72
Sternocleidomastoid
Flexes the head (so is sometimes called the “praying muscle”); when only one muscle contracts, rotates the head to the opposite side
73
****Trapezius
Extends the head (such as when looking upward) and flexes the head to one side; also elevates the shoulder
74
****What muscles are involved with breathing?
External intercostals, Internal intercostals, Diaphragm
75
****External intercostals
Lie superficially between ribs; elevate the ribs during inspiration
76
****Internal intercostals
Lie deeper than the internal intercostals; depress the ribs during forced exhalation
77
****Diaphragm
Enlarges the thorax to trigger inspiration---is a muscle/moves up with pregnancy
78
What are the muscles of the abdominal walls?
Rectus abdominis, Transversus abdominis, Internal oblique, External oblique
79
Rectus abdominis
Flexes the lumbar region of the spinal column to cause bending forward at the waist; extends from the sternum to the pubic bone
80
Transversus abdominis
Compresses the contents of the abdomen
81
Internal oblique
Stabilizes the spine and maintains posture, just like the external oblique muscles; also permits rotation of the waist
82
External oblique
Stabilizes the spine during heavy lifting; maintains posture; aids in forceful expiration
83
linea alba
The aponeuroses (pearly white fibrous tissue-takes place of a tendon) of the muscles that form the abdominal wall meet in the midline of the abdomen to form a tough band of connective tissue
84
Which muscle or muscle group elevates the ribs during inspiration?
A. Temporalis
B. Internal intercostals
C. External intercostals
D. External oblique
Correct answer: C
Rationale:
The temporalis muscle aids in closing the jaw.
The internal intercostals depress the ribs during forced exhalation.
The external oblique compresses the abdominal organs during forceful exhalation.
85
Deltoid
Abducts, flexes, and rotates the arm; involved in swinging the arm (walking or bowling); also raises the arm to perform tasks, such as writing on an elevated surface
86
Pectoralis major
Flexes and adducts the upper arm, such as when climbing or hugging
87
Serratus anterior
Drives all forward-reaching and pushing movements; pulls the shoulder down and forward
88
What are the key muscles of the shoulder/upper arm?
Deltoid, Pectoralis major, Serratus anterior
89
What are the key muscles of the neck, shoulders, and back?
Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rotator cuff
90
Trapezius
Raises and lowers the shoulders; stabilizes the scapula during arm movements
91
Latissimus dorsi
Adducts the humerus; extends the upper arm backward (such as when rowing or swimming); when grasping an object overhead
92
Rotator cuff
The tendons of four muscles fuse with the joint capsule and form a “cuff” around the shoulder joint, helping to hold the head of the humerus in place. Nicknamed the “SITS” muscles, the muscles are supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (on the anterior scapula).
93
What muscles move the forearm?
Brachialis, Biceps brachii, Tricepps brachii, Brachioradialis, Pronator muscle, Supinator muscle, Flexors, Extensors
94
Brachialis
The prime mover when flexing the forearm
95
Biceps brachii
Assists the brachialis when flexing the forearm
96
Triceps brachii
The prime mover when extending the forearm
97
Brachioradialis
Helps the brachialis and the biceps brachii flex the forearm
98
Pronator muscle
Allows the arm to pronate (palms down)
99
Supinator muscle
Lies deep in the forearm near the elbow; it joins forces with the biceps brachii to allow supination (palms up)
100
Flexors
Muscles that flex the wrist; located on the anterior of the forearm
101
Extensors
Extend the wrist; located on posterior of the forearm
102
Muscles in the hands work with the ______ & _______ to help the fingers make delicate movements
flexors and extensors
103
Muscles of the Anterior Thigh
iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, adductor muscles
104
iliopsoas
flexes the thigh (acting in opposition to the gluteus maximus).
consists of the iliacus and psoas major.
105
sartorius
the longest muscle in the body
aids in flexion of the hip and knee (such as when sitting)
abducts and laterally rotates the thigh (such as when sitting cross-legged).
106
What are the adductor muscles and what do they do?
The adductor muscles rotate and draw the thigh in toward the body (adduction).
adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, and gracilis.
107
quadriceps femoris
most powerful muscle in the body
prime mover for knee extension
consists of four muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
108
Muscles of the hip and thigh (posterior)
Gluteus medius, Gluteus maximus, Gluteus minimus, Hamstrings
109
Gluteus medius
Abducts and rotates the thigh outward.
110
Gluteus maximus
bulkiest muscle in the body
produces the backswing of the leg when walking
provides most of the power for climbing stairs.
111
Gluteus minimus
This muscle lies beneath the other two gluteal muscles.
112
hamstrings
a group of muscles consisting of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
extend the thigh at the hip, flex the knee, and rotate the leg.
113
Muscles in the lower leg that move the foot and ankle
calcaneal, gastrocnemius, & soleus
114
gastrocnemius & soleus
the more superficial muscle and the deeper muscle
Contraction of these muscles causes plantar flexion of the foot (such as from walking or standing on tiptoe).
115
calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon- strongest tendon in the body but is vulnerable to sudden stress (such as sprinting)
frequent site of athletic injuries.
116
Foot Muscles
extensor digitorum longus, digitorum longus, and the tibialis anterior dorsi
117
extensor digitorum longus
extends the toes and turns the foot outward (eversion)
118
digitorum longus and the tibialis anterior dorsi
flex the foot,
keep the toes from dragging on the ground when walking.
119
Which muscle is the prime mover when flexing the forearm?
A. Biceps brachii
B. Triceps brachii
C. Brachialis
D. Brachioradialis
Correct answer: C
Rationale:
The biceps brachii assists the brachialis.
The triceps brachii acts as an antagonist.
The brachioradialis is a synergist during flexion of the forearm.
120
Excitability
this is the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be from a motor neuron or a hormone
121
Contractility
Muscle cells can shorten significantly when stimulated, which allows them to pull on bones and other organs to create movement
122
Extensibility
Following contraction, muscle cells can stretch. In fact, muscle cells can stretch to as much as three times their contracted length
123
Elasticity
After being stretched, muscles can recoil back to their original length
124
Tetanus
"Lock-jaw" results from the bacterium clostridium tetani, which causes motor neurons to fire excessively. This leads to over stimulation of muscles, resulting in severe muscle spasms and sustained contractions. Jaw muscles are typically affected first, hence the name of lockjaw
A&P OU BOCES PNP
flashcards
Decks in class (26)
# Cards
-
Chapter 3- Cells42
-
Chapter 4- Human Microbiome29
-
A&P 1 Midterm (Ch.1-4)39
-
Chapter 7- Bones & Bone Tissue41
-
Chapter 8- Skeletal System74
-
Chapter 9- Joints59
-
Chapter 10- Muscular System124
-
Test #2 Modules 3-4 Chapters 5-1049
-
Chapter 18- Respiratory System44
-
Chapter 15- Heart85
-
Chapter 16- Vascular System24
-
Test #3 A&P Chapters 15,16,&1859
-
Chapter 19- Urinary System68
-
Chapter 20- Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance69
-
Chapter 21- Digestive System1
-
Chapter 22- Nutrition & Metabolism37
-
GI/Nutrition Quiz23
-
Midterm 2 A&P53
-
Chapter 13- Endocrine System21
-
Dosage Calculations84
-
Chapter 11- Nervous System7
-
Chapter 12- Sense Organs5
-
Practice Quiz Nervous System25
-
Test 5 A&P64
-
Chapter 14- Blood93
-
Chapter 17 Lymphatic & Immune System97
