Gene therapy
Use of genes to cure or alleviate disease symptoms
synonymous mutation
Change in base pair but not in the resulting amino acid
Missense
Change a base pair and an amino acid change
Nonsense Mutation
An amino acid has turned into a stop codon, a single base pair can contribute to a stop codon - misfolding of proteins.
mutations using polyadenylation
alter sequence of mRNA
transition mutation
purine to purine, single ring structure to a single ring structure
transversion mutation
swapping a ring structure, purine for pyradamine
forward mutations
a mutation that alters a wild-type allele and generates a mutant
Reverse mutation
Alters a mutant and reverts the DNA to its original encoding message
True reversion
A type of mutation that exactly reverses the effect of the original mutation
intragenic reversion
A second mutation within a single gene that restores the wild type
Second site reversion
Reversion is taking place at a location separate from the originally altered site to restore the wild type.
strand slippage
The DNA polymerase temporarily dissociates and then reattaches to resume replication, leading to increased or decreased numbers of repeating nucleotides
mispaired nucleotides
non-complementary base pairing G-T, C-A
spontaneous nucleotide base changes
depurination - loss of a purine by breakage of the covalent bond at the 1 carbon, which links sugars to the nucleotide bases
how do we know if a chemical is a mutagen
perform the ames test
