Chapter 11 - Aggression

Question 1

aggression

Answer 1

Behavior intended to harm another individual.

Question 2

catharsis

Answer 2

A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression.

Question 3

corporal punishment

Answer 3

Physical force (such as spanking or hitting) intended to cause a child pain—but not injury—for the purpose of controlling or correcting the child’s behavior.

Question 4

culture of honor

Answer 4

A culture that emphasizes honor and social status, particularly for males, and the role of aggression in protecting that honor.

Question 5

cycle of violence

Answer 5

The transmission of domestic violence across generations.

Question 6

dark triad

Answer 6

A set of three traits that are associated with higher levels of aggressiveness: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism.

Question 7

displacement

Answer 7

Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access.

Question 8

executive functioning

Answer 8

The cognitive abilities and processes that allow humans to plan or inhibit their actions.

Question 9

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 9

the idea that 1) frustration always elicits the motive to aggress and that 2) all aggression is caused by frustration

Question 10

hostile attribution bias

Answer 10

The tendency to perceive hostile intent in others.

Question 11

pornography

Answer 11

explicit sexual material

Question 12

proactive aggression

Answer 12

Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end (also called instrumental aggression)

• aim at harming someone for personal gain, attention, or self-defense

Question 13

reactive aggression

Answer 13

Aggressive behavior where the means and the end coincide; harm is inflicted for its own sake.

Question 14

rumination

Answer 14

In the context of aggression, rumination involves repeatedly thinking about and reliving an anger-inducing event, focusing on angry thoughts and feelings, and perhaps even planning or imagining revenge

Question 15

social learning theory

Answer 15

The theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments

Question 16

weapons effect

Answer 16

the tendency that the likelihood of aggression will increase by the mere presence of weapons.

Question 17

violence

Answer 17

extreme acts of aggression

Question 18

anger

Answer 18

strong feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury

Question 19

hostility

Answer 19

a negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group

Question 20

instrumental aggression

Answer 20

if the aggressor believes there is an easier way to obtain their goal, and thus, aggression will not occur

Question 21

factors that contribute to violent crime rates

Answer 21

poverty, drug trafficking, availability of guns, political and social unrest

Question 22

Crime rates are higher in the US than ___________ and lower than ________

Answer 22

Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe

eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, Americas

Question 23

individualist cultures are more likely to choose ____, ______ responses to a conflict than collectivist cultures

Answer 23

direct, aggressive

Question 24

rates of firearm homicides are ___x greater in US than other high-income countries

Answer 24

25

Question 25

____% of respondents in India did not strongly disapprove of a husband slapping a wife, compared to about ____% in the US

Answer 25

80, 24

Question 26

the more approving a country's norms are about the use of aggression, the _____________

Answer 26

higher rates are of intimate partner violence

Question 27

chikan

Answer 27

a practice in Japan of Japanese businessmen groping schoolgirls on public transportation - only in recent years has it become more widely criticized

Question 28

bullying involves

Answer 28

intentional harm, repetition, and a power imbalance

Question 29

Bullying in ____ and involving a ____ group targeting a single person may be more characteristic of _____ cultures, whereas bullying in ____ and involving students who ____ each other _____ may be more typical in ____ cultures

Answer 29

the classroom, large, East Asian, the playground, don't know each other well, Western

Question 30

What makes precise comparisons of bullying rates difficult?

Answer 30

how bullying is defined and reported across different cultures and countries

Question 31

What percent of teens report having been the targets of cyberbullying in US?

Answer 31

59%

Question 32

Name a few cultures & societies that remain nonviolent

Answer 32

- Chewong in the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Amish, Hutterites, Mennonites

Question 33

What makes cultures & societies nonviolent?

Answer 33

- cherish peacefulness, religious or mythological reasons

Question 34

What age group tends to have a greater involvement in violent crime?

Answer 34

teenagers & young adults

Question 35

Is interracial (white person kills black person, vv) or intraracial (white person kills white person) murder more common?

Answer 35

intraracial

Question 36

What theory has been proposed as to why murder rates are higher in the South and West US?

Answer 36

- culture of honor prevalent among white males, encourages violent responses to perceived threats against one's status as an honorable, powerful man - hot weather also a theory for the South

Question 37

In virtually all cultures around the world ____ are more violent than _____

Answer 37

- men, women

Question 38

What percent of murderers were males in US? What percent of murder victims were males?

Answer 38

90%, 80%

Question 39

Females are as likely to feel ___ as males, but are less likely to _____

Answer 39

anger, act on anger in aggressive ways

Question 40

Females are as likely if not more likely to show _____

Answer 40

relational / indirect aggression

Question 41

Why are females thought to show relational/indirect aggression?

Answer 41

- idea that they care more for their partner in general than men tend to - social norms teach men that they can act on anger & women cannot

Question 42

Why is there no reliable gender difference in the percentage of women and men who physically assault each other?

Answer 42

- thought that women are more likely to report that they assaulted to the police than men - consequences of aggression far from equal

Question 43

cyberbullying is seen more in ____ than _____, but _____

Answer 43

women, man, men tend to aggress more severely when cyberbullying

Question 44

What predicts aggression in adolescence and adulthood?

Answer 44

- aggression in childhood - adult criminality - alcohol abuse - antisocial behaviors - lack of self-control

Question 45

What factors from the "Big Five" (OCEAN) tend to predict aggression?

Answer 45

- low agreeableness - low openness - high neuroticism

Question 46

provocation

Answer 46

situations in which an indv. feels threatened, insulted, or stressed

Question 47

What traits tend to predict aggression reliably under conditions of provocation

Answer 47

- emotional susceptibility - type A personality - impulsivity - low in agreeableness - narcissism (especially if provocation is public rather than private)

Question 48

evolutionary psychological perspective of aggression

Answer 48

- principles of aggression (such as human warfare) originated not only to obtain valuable resources but also to attract mates and forge intergroup bonds

Question 49

why would males be more overtly aggressive, according to an evolutionary perspective?

Answer 49

high-status --> attract mates

Question 50

Male-to-male violence is often triggered why?

Answer 50

when one male is perceived aa a challenge to the other's status or social power

Question 51

Male-to-female violence is triggered mainly by what?

Answer 51

sexual jealousy

Question 52

How was the study set up to test if men were more aggressive in the face of competition (against a potential mate)

Answer 52

- heterosexual male participants see photos of 10 female faces - men in mating-prime condition, these photos were very attractive - men in control condition, the photos were less attractive - next, participants saw a photo and read a description of a male confederate who they thought would be their opponent in an upcoming competitive game - for the participants in average-partner condition, the confederate seemed rather nerdy and nonthreatening, and he did not say anything about dating in his self-description - for participants in the dominant-partner condition, the confederate seemed athletic and high status, and he described himself as liking to date whenever he can - then played reaction-time game and whoever won was allowed to blast loser w/some aversive noise in headphones - aggressiveness measured by how loud participants set noise level

Question 53

What was the outcome of this mate-competition study?

Answer 53

results supported the hypothesis that mating-related motivations would trigger heightened aggression toward a male who poses a potential threat to this motivation

Question 54

evolutionary perspective related to female aggression

Answer 54

females more likely to aggress out of protection for offspring since their ability to have children is far more limited than men

Question 55

podcast: consensual non-monogamy

Answer 55

umbrella term abt relationships with multiple people where all adults are consenting - polyamory, open, swinging

Question 56

podcast: what are benefits

Answer 56

- both monogamous and non-monogamy had almost same benefits - three benefits unique for CNM relationships: diversify need fulfillment (satisfaction bc many ppl meet different needs), personal growth and development, non-sexual activity variety

Question 57

podcast:

Answer 57

- sexual satisfaction is very high in first few years of relationship but then sharply declines over course of relationship

Question 58

podcast: CNM relationships affect quality of relationship / attachment

Answer 58

- attachment theory basically tells us that sexual exclusivity is the hallmark of secure relationship - ppl never been in CNM tell abt consensual monogamy and attachment style - found that to extent that they were high in avoidance they were interested in non-monogamy - ppl in CNM relationships have substantially lower attachment avoidance than those in monogamous relationships

Question 59

podcast: CNM relationships -

Answer 59

- polyamory - substantially lower on avoidance and anxiety compared to established norms and for both their established partner 1 or 2 - actually ppl are very securely attached - > communication in these relationships can lead to > attachment

Question 60

podcast: stigma around polyamory

Answer 60

- denied housing - fired from jobs - family member of polyamorous person can have child custody

Question 61

podcast:

Answer 61

- pursue diff educational opportunities around CNM - study said that therapist very helpful if therapist was knowledgable abt CNM - use inclusive forms & language on intake forms (mislabelling = one of most harmful things) - how do they refer to their partner? - 1/10 clinicians showed their bias and told ppl that engaging in this CNM was harmful