Chapter 11: Development

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

The study of continuity and change across the life span

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

Question 3

Germinal Stage

Answer 3

2-week period that begins at conception

Question 4

Embryonic Stage

Answer 4

A period that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week

Question 5

Fetal Stage

Answer 5

a period that lasts from the ninth week until birth

Question 6

Myelination

Answer 6

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

Question 7

Teratogens

Answer 7

Agents that damage the process of development

• Examples
  
  • lead in water
  • paint dust in air
  • alcohol

Question 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 8

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Question 9

Infancy

Answer 9

the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

Question 10

Motor Development

Answer 10

the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions

• Such as reaching, grasping, crawling, and walking

Question 11

Reflexes

Answer 11

Speciific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns sensory stimulation

Question 12

Cephalocaudal Rule

Answer 12

motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

• Top to bottom rule
• infants tend to gain control over their heads first, their arms and trunks next, and their legs last

Question 13

Proximodistal Rule

Answer 13

the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

• the inside to outside rule
• babies learn to control their knees, and they learn to control their elbows and knees before their hands and feet

Question 14

Cognitive Development

Answer 14

the emergence of the ability to think and understand

• children must come to understand
  
  • how the physical world works
  • how their minds represent it, and how other minds represent it

Question 15

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 15

a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy

• infants at this stage use their ability to sense and their ability to move to acquire infromation about the world in which they live

Question 16

Schemas

Answer 16

theories about ormodels of the way the world works

• infants construct these as they begin to live their lives
• having a prejudice is a schema

Question 17

Assimilation

Answer 17

infants apply their schemas in novel situations

• tugging on a stuffed animal for it to come closer
• tugging on a actual animal will cause it to run away
• Adding new information to the prejudice is assimilation

Question 18

Accommodation

Answer 18

Occurs when infants revise their schemas in light of new information

• realizing the prejudice is wrong and restructuring one’s opinion is accommodation

Question 19

Object Permanence

Answer 19

the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

Question 20

Childhood

Answer 20

the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts util adolescence, which begins between 11 and 14 years

Question 21

Preoperational Stage

Answer 21

the stage of development that begins at about 2 year and ends at about 6 years

• one of the stages of childhood
• during this stage the child learns about physical or “concrete” objects
  *

Question 22

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 22

the stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years

• during this stage the child learns how various actions or “operations” can affect or transform those objects

Question 23

Conservation

Answer 23

The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

• Water in cups, one poured into a smaller glass, they think that one has more now
  *

Question 24

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 24

The stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lats through adulthood

• Around the time when children can solve nonphysical problems with similar ease as solving physical problems

Question 25

Egocentrism

Answer 25

the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers

Question 26

Theory of Mind

Answer 26

the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation

Question 27

Attachment

Answer 27

an emotional bond - with a primary caregiver

Question 28

Strange Situation

Answer 28

behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style * taking child into room with parent * Parent leaves * the child experiences one of four attachment styles

Question 29

Internal Working Model of Relationships

Answer 29

a set of beliefs about the self, the primary care-giver, and the relationship between them

Question 30

Temperaments

Answer 30

characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

Question 31

Preconventional Stage

Answer 31

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

Question 32

Conventional Stage

Answer 32

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules * concerned not just about the punishment, but also about the approval of others * Immoral actions are those for which one is condemned

Question 33

Postconventional Stage

Answer 33

a stage of moral development at which hte morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

Question 34

Adolescence

Answer 34

the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age)

Question 35

Puberty

Answer 35

the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

Question 36

Primary Sex characteristics

Answer 36

bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

Question 37

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 37

bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

Question 38

Erikson's Stages

Answer 38

Question 39

Adulthood

Answer 39

the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death

Question 40

Critical Periods

Answer 40

experience must occur during a certain time for normal development (language, visual information, attachment)

Question 41

Sensitive Periods

Answer 41

certain things are easier to learn at certain times during life (foreign languages are easier for young children to acquire than adults)

Question 42

Piaget

Answer 42

4 Stages of Cognitive Development * Sensorimotor * Preoperational * Concrete Operational * Formal Operational

Question 43

Kohlberg

Answer 43

3 Levels of moral development * Preconventional Level * Conventional Level * Postconventional Level

Question 44

Erikson

Answer 44

8 stages of psychosocial development * Trust vs. Mistrust * Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt * Initiative vs. Guilt * Industry vs. Inferiority * Identity vs. Role Confusion * Intimacy vs. Isolation * Generativity vs. Stagnation * Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Question 45

Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 45

Question 46

Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory

Answer 46

younger adults are generally oriented toward the acquisition of information that will be useful to them in the future, whereas older adults are generally oriented toward information that brings emotional satisfaction in the present * Happiness generally increase in throughout adulthood * Marital satisfaction typically is high in the beginning, declines after having children, plateaus, declines slightly when children are adolescence, and increase when children leave home

Question 47

Secure Attachment

Answer 47

children are securely attached generally become visibly upset when their caregivers leave, and are happy when their caregivers return (%60)

Question 48

Avoidant

Answer 48

children with avoidant attachment tend to avoid caregivers, which is especially pronounced after a period of absence (20%) * do not seek comfort or contact * show no preference between a parent and a stranger

Question 49

Ambivalent

Answer 49

children who are ambivalently attached tend to be extremely suspicious of strangers (15%) * display considerable distress when separated from caregiver, but do not seem comforted by caregiver return

Question 50

3 Parenting Styles

Answer 50

1. Permissive: indulgent/indifferent 2. Authoitarian: have high expectations and very strict rules. Very demanding 3. Authoritative: listen to children and encourage independence. Place limits on behaviors. Administer fair discipline.