After WW2, what did flight attendants symbolize or become?
- they began to sell flight attendants attractiveness to customers
- basically used the selling strategy of sexual objectification
Define the gender pay gap
-difference between the average incomes of full time women vs. men
Define gendered job segregation
-filling occupations with mostly male or female workers
Is the genderness of jobs seen uniformly across all countries?
- Yes
- however, it differs in every country
What is the socialization process?
-men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training and applying for jobs
What processes cause men and women to end up in gender stereotypical jobs?
-socialization, employer selection and selective exit
What did an experiment on the socialization process show?
- women were less likely to say they considered a computer science major if they made the room geeky looking
- sent a message of no girls allowed
Define the employer selection hypothesis
- that employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs
- slotting applicants into gender consistent roles during hiring and promotion
Define selective exit hypothesis
-workers abandonment of counter-stereotypical occupations
Which processes are likely the most substantial contributors to job segregation?
-socialization and selective exit
Define androcentric pay scale
-a correlation between the gender composition of a job and its wages
What is the single largest contributor to the gender wage gap according to the Bureau of labour statistics?
-the gender composition of a job
Define a masculinization of wealth
- the concentration of men in high earning occupations
- their resulting ability to accumulate savings, investments and assets
Define emotions work
-controlling ones emotions and managing the emotions of others
Which job does emotions work?
-flight attendants
What causes us to dismiss the work of a female flight attendant as nothing special?
-the benevolently sexist idea that women are naturally gracious
Define care work
-work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional and educational needs of others
How is sexism still prevalent in the workforce, name the three ways it is?
- men’s hostile and benevolent sexism
- women’s double bind
- employees preferences for men
Which type of men is more likely to be sexist?
-traditionalist men with home maker wives
Define symbolic threat
- women’s presence degrades the identity of the dominant group (men)
- reassertion of dominance in response to the entrance of women into jobs which men feel entitled
Why are men still likely to resist women’s entry into male-dominated jobs?
-men’s esteem rests on being different from and better than women
What is the double bind?
- women in masculine jobs suffer from the perception that they’re not quite right for the job
- women experience a tension between being a worker and a woman
- to be successful at her job a woman needs to do masculinity but to be accepted by her boss, coworkers etc. she must do femininity
Define the glass ceiling
-an invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations
What concepts are behind the glass ceiling?
-the cost of hostile and benevolent sexism and the double bind
