1
Q
What are other social ‘locations’ beside gender that affect how we and others see us?
A
- age
- sexuality
- race
- class
- physical ability
2
Q
Is gender an isolated social fact?
A
- No
- it intersects with all our social locations to make up our identity
3
Q
Define intersectionality
A
- people are often disadvantaged by various social locations
- can result in inequality or oppression
4
Q
What does intersectionality recognize about different identity markers?
A
-they connect and result in different responses
5
Q
Is one social location the most important and what’s an example?
A
- No
- gender connects with each social location differently but they’re all equal
- ex) there is a gendered way to age
6
Q
What is a gender strategy and an example?
A
- how we explain our behaviour
- ex) girly girl or tomboy
7
Q
Is the gender strategy the same everywhere?
A
- No
- it changes based on the situation and players
8
Q
What are some gender strategies that link gender with income or class?
A
- breadwinner
- stay at home mom
- country boys
- career women
9
Q
What affects our life chances?
A
- where we grow up
- the resources we have access to in our families and communities
10
Q
Which economic class has the most gender strategies available to them?
A
-those with more money and class status
11
Q
How does our society see race as a designation?
A
- some racial groups are denigrated and others valourized
- all subjected to advantages and disadvantages
12
Q
What are stereotypes of black men?
A
- aggressive, prone to criminality, sexually violent
- all hyper-masculine traits
13
Q
How do blackness and masculinity correlate?
A
-blackness intensifies masculinity
14
Q
The same behaviours deemed “boys being boys” with white men are deemed what with black men?
A
-deviant or dangerous
15
Q
How do teachers of all race view Black boy’s misbehaviour compared to white boys?
A
-they view their misbehaviour more harshly
16
Q
What do Black boys have to do to seem good to teachers?
A
-use docility as a racialized strategy
17
Q
How are Black women stereotyped?
A
-less feminine, hyper sexual, physically tough
18
Q
What consequences occur because of Black women’s stereotypes and what do some Black women do because of this?
A
- they’re a denial of vulnerability, femininity and need for help/support
- Black women may change their looks to counteract these stereotypes
19
Q
How is femininity viewed in terms of ethnicity?
A
-its seen as inherently white
20
Q
How are Asian men stereotyped?
A
- they’re feminized
- hardworking and smart
21
Q
How are Asian women stereotyped?
A
- feminized and fetishized sexually
- because of their history as sex slaves in America they’re seen as passive and sexually available
22
Q
What is the unmarked category? (3)
A
- a social identity assumed for a role without qualification, making everyone else the other
- the normal category
- middle to upper class heterosexual, able bodied, urban, christian, white individuals
23
Q
What does the gender binary do in relation to the unmarked?
A
- it causes there to be one kind of man and woman
- everything else is outside the marked category
24
Q
What does it mean to be unmarked in terms of ethnicity?
A
- Whiteness is seen as the norm
- POC are seen as the other
25
What is a result of Whiteness being seen as unmarked or the norm?
-whiteness is seen as being less exciting or boring
26
What gender strategies can working class or poor White people adopt?
- urban white girl
| - white supremacist
27
What is the Urban White girl?
-honorary POC or wannabes
28
Who are sexual minorities?
-gays, lesbians, trans people and bisexual people
29
Define homophobia
-the bias against and fear of sexual minorities
30
Define compulsory heterosexuality (3)
- some sexual minorities feel they must hide their sexual orientation
- because the rule says that only sexual attraction and relationships between a woman and man are normal
- everything else is deviant
31
Define heteronormative
-an assumption everyone is heterosexual unless there are signs suggesting otherwise
32
What are reconfigured families?
-immigrants may have to change their gender roles and marital arrangements
33
What are reconfigured sexualities?
-between countries, cultural rules on how to do gender and sexuality differ
34
Define xenophobia
-institutional and individual bias against people seen as foreign
35
How does disability affect men?
- decreases their masculinity
| - their ability to be assertive with their bodies, strong etc.
36
How does disability affect women?
-centres around attractiveness and ability to be sexual
37
Define ageism
- prejudice based on a preference for youth
| - aging is associated with mental deficiency and reduced social value
38
How does age affect women?
- women are expected to always look about 20
| - they are called cougars or grannies
39
How does age affect men?
-men can be attractive at any age and it correlates with money
40
Why isn’t gender crowded by our other identities?
- the other identities are gendered themselves
| - gender inflects all our other identities
41
Define social identity
- a culturally available and socially constructed category of people
- in which we place ourselves or are placed by others
42
Define privilege
-unearned social and economic advantage
43
Define gender strategy
- finding ways of doing gender that works
| - shaped by other identities and material realities of our lives
44
What do our varying gender strategies add up to?
-many culturally recognizable masculine and feminine archetypes
45
Define racism
-social arrangements designed to systemically advance one race over another
46
Give an example of what unmarked means?
-for instance, nurses are usually female so you will hear male nurse
-gay marriage
Etc.
47
What do societies achieve when they relate gender bending with gayness?
-this creates an incentive for heterosexuals to conform to gender norms
48
Define homonormativity
-obeying most gender rules except sexually desiring someone of the same sex
49
Define ableism
-individual and institutional bias against people with differently abled bodies
50
Are the consequences and benefits from society forcing men and women to do gender equal? Why?
- No, because the gender binary is hierarchal
| - it places men and masculinity above women and femininity
51
How did cheerleading begin? (4)
- mid 1800s as an all male sport
- it was considered equivalent in prestige to the masculinity of football
- being a cheerleader was a great responsibility and honour
- in 1927, cheerleading manuals still only used he/him pronouns
52
How did women enter cheerleading? (3)
- during WW1 when men left to fight in the war, women started joining
- women joining was considered unnatural and even inappropriate
- when men returned from the war there was an effort to end women cheerleading
53
What happened after women joined cheerleading in the 1960-70s?
-cheerleaders were mostly female and it became less about leadership and more about support and sexiness
54
What happened to the idea of cheerleading once women joined?
- it didn’t change the way we viewed women but instead the way we viewed cheerleading
- transitioned from a respectful pursuit to a silly show on the sidelines
55
As professions and activities become more female, what happens?
-the professions and activities value and prestige decline
56
What is patriarchy and what does it mean?
- the rule of the father
| - the control of female and younger male family members by select adult men
57
What is the patriach’s word at home like?
- the king of his castle
| - his word is law at home
58
How does patriarchal power relate to men’s ownership of things?
- men own all property including the bodies of their wives and children
- any earning of inheritance
59
In patriarchal societies what do men alone have?
- legal and civil rights
| - they’re entitled to act freely in the outside world
60
What was patriarchy slowly replaced with?
Democratic brotherhood
61
What is democratic brotherhood?
The distribution of citizenship rights to certain classes of men
62
What defined the brotherhood growing?
-poor men, men of colour, immigrants and Indigenous men fought and gained the rights of citizenship
63
How does the patriarchy still exist?
-although it has steadily declined as a principle of law, it’s underlying way of thinking about gender still persists
64
As men continue to be generic human or unmarked, what are women considered?
Deviant from the norm
65
Define formal gender equality and who has it?
- the requirement that laws treat men and women as equal citizens
- most Western countries
66
If men’s identity is often invisible, even to themselves, what is women’s identity?
- centrally important
| - men are people and women are women
67
What is one sign we still live in a modified patriarchy?
-men being seen as normal or neutral and the marginalizing of women as modified, non neutral type of person
68
What three concepts of inequality are important to gender dynamics?
- sexism
- androcentrism
- subordination
69
Define sexism
-favouring of male bodied over female bodied people, both ideologically and in practice
70
Define androcentrism
-prejudice favouring whatever is seen as masculine compared to feminine
71
Define subordination?
-the placing of women into positions that make them subservient or dependent on men
72
What are synonyms for the word power?
-male, manly masculine
73
What are synonyms for the word weakness?
Effeminate, emasculate and womanly
74
What do the associations of femininity with delicacy and masculinity with courageousness reveal?
Gender is a metaphor for power
75
What does the media center on?
-men and marginalizing women
76
Parents negative reactions towards boys feminine sides reflects what?
-androcentrism and the stigmatizing nature of femininity for men
77
Do people feel more comfortable if boys or girls cross gender play?
Girls
78
The terms people use to hurt boys that act feminine like pussy or whipped reflects what?
- a sexist and androcentric world
| - telling children being a girl is worse than being a boy
79
What do slurs related to homosexuality do? (Fag)
- being a girl is worse than being a boy
| - form of gender policing
80
What is male flight?
A phenomenon where men abandon feminizing areas of life
81
As girls and women have become better in school than boys, what has happened?
-male flight causes some men to avoid education
82
Define hegemony
- collective consent to inequality secured by the idea that it is inevitable, natural or desirable
- widespread consent to relations of systemic social disadvantage
83
What is hegemonic masculinity?
- type of masculine performance idealized by men and women
| - functions to justify and naturalize gender inequality
84
What does the practice of hegemonic masculinity create?
- The real men in our collective imagination
| - embodies all the most positive traits of masculinity
85
Do all men have or want hegemonic masculine traits?
- no, but membership to the category gives them characteristics attributed to men
- all men can lay a socially valid claim to advantage by virtue of the traits attributed to their sex
86
In context of hyper masculinity, are men generally naturally violent?
No
87
What is toxic masculinity
Extreme masculinity that becomes harmful to men themselves and people around them, self harm
88
Which gender generally commits violence?
Men
89
Why does the gendered nature of violence often seem invisible?
We accept that men are naturally violent
90
What is a patriarchal bargain?
- A deal in which an individual legitimizes the costs of patriarchy in exchange for its rewards
- can hurt men and women
91
In North America today, what are some men trying to find?
-new ways of being men that don’t hold up the patriarchy, reward hyper masculinity or oppress women or men
92
What is hybrid masculinity?
-versions of masculinity incorporating symbols, performances and identities society associates with women or low status men
93
Why is it more women than men find the gender binary system unfair?
Because fixing it has primarily fallen on women
94
Define modified patriarchy?
- societies where women have formal gender equality
| - but the patriarchal power of men/masculinity is central to daily life
95
How does Androcentrism relate to valuing masculinity vs. femininity?
-what is valued in men tends to be valued in everyone but what is valued in women tends to be valued only in women
96
When is an idea considered hegemonic?
-when it is widely endorsed by those who benefit from the social conditions it supports and those who do not
97
Define Exculpatory chauvinism and give an example
- phenomenon where negative characteristics given to men are acceptable justification of their dominance
- ex) lack of cleanliness
98
Define hierarchy of masculinity
-a rough ranking of men from most to least masculine with the assumption that more is always better
99
Define precarious masculinity
-manhood is more difficult to earn and easier to lose than womanhood
100
Define compensatory masculinity
-acts undertaken to reassert ones manliness in the face of a threat
101
How do men do a patriarchal bargain?
- they accept some degree of subordination on the hierarchy of masculinity
- in exchange for being higher than women
SOCI 303
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
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