1
Q
What is marriage?
A
-a socially constructed and gendered social institution
2
Q
What is marriage governed by?
A
-norms and laws that determine the rights and responsibilities of spouses
3
Q
What has changed over time with marriage?
A
-the role and nature of marriage
4
Q
What did the Puritans believe about women?
A
- they were the weaker vessel
- less control over physical and emotional passions
5
Q
What did the Puritans say about sex?
A
-sex should be restricted to intercourse between heterosexual married people aiming to reproduce
6
Q
What was forbidden for the puritans?
A
-all non marital and non reproductive sexual activities
7
Q
What happened if someone Puritans sex rules?
A
-punished by fines, whipping, public shaming, ostracism, or even death
8
Q
What were the Puritans scandalized by?
A
- the sexual lives of North America’s Indigenous peoples because they were more open minded and permissive
- than Europeans
9
Q
What did many tribes accept?
A
- casual sex
- monogamy and polygamy
- homosexuality
- gender nonconformity
10
Q
Did Indigenous people often care who the father of the child was?
A
-no
11
Q
What emerges together when societies transition from foraging to settled agrarian societies that cultivate crops?
A
-private property and patriarchy
12
Q
During history, what was the only way to prove paternity?
A
-to control women’s sexual freedom
13
Q
Once communities put down roots, what concerns were there?
A
- passing their wealth down to their heirs
- didn’t want women to become pregnant with other men’s children
14
Q
What practical reasons did the Puritans sexual repression have?
A
- group survival
- because they were threatened by illness, war, and starvation
- causing them to focus on penal vaginal sex only
15
Q
In preindustrial societies what was life like?
A
- most men and women worked and lived at home on the farms
- children were necessary for work
16
Q
What happened to life when industrialization occurred?
A
- it separated work from home
- children cost a lot more now
17
Q
Define commodification (the making of something into a commodity)
A
- goods transition from something a family provided itself
- into something bought with a wage
18
Q
How, in industrial times, did couples limit their reproduction?
A
-condoms, they were cheap
19
Q
What were toddlers in cages?
A
-in the era of tenement housing, large families in small spaces put babies in cages attached to the window to get fresh air
20
Q
What happened in the 1800s with the Victorian era?
A
- people abandoned the idea that sex was only for reproduction
- began to think sex was for love
21
Q
What did the Victorians introduce?
A
- the gendered love/sex binary
- a projection of the gender binary onto the ideas of sex and love
- women are believed to be motivated by love and men by sex
22
Q
What did the Victorians do that changed traditional Puritan thinking?
A
- reversed Puritans beliefs about women’s voracious sexuality
- the victorians feminine dress love and masculinized sex
23
Q
What did early feminists think they could convince their contemporaries and why?
A
- that women’s were men’s equals
- if women were more spiritual
24
Q
What did Protestant churches do?
A
- they pushed women to be more spiritual
- to supposedly be considered equal to men
25
What happened to women as the idea that women were spiritual spread?
- women were reimagined
- as naturally chaste, innocent of the vulgar desires felt by men
- stirred by love, not lust
26
What happened to men as the idea that women were spiritual spread?
- men were considered more tied to their bodies
| - constantly torn between the carnal and the celestial
27
Define sexual double standard
-different rules for the sexual behaviour of men and women
28
Explain the good girl/bad girl dichotomy?
- emerged at this time
- the idea that women who behave themselves sexually are worthy of respect
- women who don't are not
29
What was the 1920s characterized by?
- period of economic prosperity
- technological innovation
- artistic experimentation
30
When was the word sexy invented, and what did it mean?
- in 1923
| - meant sexually attractive
31
What inspired the birth of mass entertainment?
- in the 1920s
| - people with money, free time and the opportunity to socialize
32
What shifted the balance of power? And why?
- dating
- because it took place in the home, calling was an activity women had control over
- they decided who came over and when
33
What did Historian Beth Bailey write about dating?
-dating moved the courtship out of the home and into the man's sphere
34
What did dating require?
- someone pay for everything
| - and women made less than men
35
What was known as treating?
-when men paid for a women to have a night out
36
What did the Charleston dance allow for?
-men and women to dance as equals instead of lead and follow
37
What did some men resent? Why?
- having to pay for the costs of dating
| - they were nostalgic for the days of calling which cost them nothing
38
What was a result of men resenting dating?
- women tried to make it worth their while
| - tried to be attractive and pleasing
39
What become central to a women's value because of dating?
-a slim, attractive, cosmetically enhanced face and body
40
Who was makeup and nail polish before the 1920s previously used by?
-sex workers
41
What did women's growing freedom in the 1920s result in?
- men and women could hang out, gender-egalitarian relationships
- have more sexual freedom
42
How, in the 1920s did sex remain dangerous for women?
-birth control was limited and condemned by most churches so women took the risk of pregnancy
43
What increased the ability of single men and women to meet without supervision (4)?
- industrialization
- urbanization
- commercialization of leisure
- new freedom for women
44
What did the new found sexual freedom result in?
- altered the environment in which sexuality was experienced
- and the norms for sexual behaviour
- queerness became more accepted
45
For thousands of years, what did marriage do?
-served economic and political functions unrelated to love happiness or personal fufillment
46
Prior to the Victorian Era, what was a bad reason to marry?
-love
47
What were the functions of marriage before the Victorian Era?
- gaining money and reosources
- building alliances between families
- organizing the division of labour
- producing legitimate male heirs
48
Who was marriage, before the Victorian Era, typically arranged by?
-Older family members
49
For the wealthy and middle class, why were marriages important?
-maintaining and increasing the power of families
50
What were patriarch/property marriages?
- men were the heads of households and women were their human property
- equal to children and slaves
51
What did feminist activists in the 1800 and 1900s fight to end?
-the patriarch/property marriages
52
What was one of the earliest feminist demands for women?
-to have the legal right to own property rather than be property
53
What rights did first feminists get?
- to vote
- decide ones own citizenship
- to work
- keep wages
- build financial credit
- have a voice in family decisions
- to have custody of children in divorce
54
What is the breadwinner/housewife marriage?
- a separate but equal model of marriage
| - defined mens and women's contributions different but complementary
55
What was different between patriarch and breadwinner/housewife marriage?
- marriage did not legally subordinate wives to husbands
| - but it did rigidly define roles
56
What rigid roles did the breadwinner/housewife archetype ask for?
- women owed men domestic services
- men were legally required to support their wives financially
- they could be sued if they didnt
57
What changed the nature of relationships and family?
-industrialization and capitalism
58
What did unionization help fight?
- helped men push back against capitalism
| - so men had the right to support a home and family on their wages alone
59
What cemented two spheres? And what were those spheres?
- home was farther from work than ever
- the growing distance between the two cemented separate spheres
- a masculinized work world
- feminized home life
60
What is the cult of domesticity?
-women could and should whole heartedly embrace domestic work
61
What is Rosie the Riveter?
- an iconic representation of the working women
| - went to a factory job because men were in WW@
62
After WW2, who defended domestic women's work?
- husbands
- marketers
- columnists
- scientists
- public intellectuals
- the government
63
What resulted in the entrenchment of the nuclear family?
-after WW2, many institutions pushed gender roles on men and women
64
What has been called a nationwide coming out experience?
- world war 2
- because it was so conductive to exploring same-sex attraction
- gay men started to normalize themselves
- gay women hadn't come out quite yet
65
Compared to the 1920s, what were marriages in the 1950s like?
- weirdly family oriented
| - sexually conservative
66
What laws were passed in the 1950s?
- preventing the sale of alcohol to queer people
- same-sex dancing and cross dressing
- companies wouldn't hire gay men
67
What was going steady?
- dating was replaced by this
- short but exclusive, public pairing off with the goal of marriage
- accelerated pre-marital sexual experimentation
- which is unusual because this period was very conservative
68
What did going steady ensure?
- a girl always had a date on important nights
| - reduced her chances of becoming an old maid
69
Why were marriage prospects a concern in the 1950s?
-because many men had died in war or married foreign women
70
What new hegemonic masculinity became popular in the 1950s?
- the playboy by Hugh Hefner
| - avoiding marriage, not because you are gay tho
71
At the same time the breadwinner/housewife model was becoming the societal ideal, what was happening?
- women were leaving the home for paid work
| - the ideal was more myth than reality
72
Who entered the wage economy from the beginning of the 1950s and stayed there?
-poor women and women of colour
73
In the 1960s, what changes occurred?
- Betty Friedan challenged the feminine mystique
- and more women wanted both a private and public life
- the economy needed women because of the losses from WW2
74
What was the civil rights act of 1964?
-banned discrimination against women, race, color, religion and national origin
75
What was the 1967 Royal Commission of the Status of Women?
-gave women equal rights in the workplace and school
76
In 1972, what law was passed?
- a law that banned discrimination in schools
| - opening up many professional doors
77
Why are married couples free to organize their lives however they wish?
-because partnership marriage involves a gender-neutral contract
78
In 2005, what did Canada pass?
- civil marriage act
| - allowing same sex marriage
79
What is still a NA ideal?
-the breadwinner/housewife model
80
What was a sign of marriage before rings?
-a thimble
81
Define forager societies
- migrate seasonally
| - following crops and game
82
Define agrarian societies?
-ones that cultivate domesticated crops
83
Define commodity
-something that can be bought and sold
84
What did prostitution serve to do in Victorian and early capitalist societies?
- capitalism had worsened life for those at the bottom
- prostitution was a way for poor women to support themselves and their families
- shielded the married women from the grosser passions of her husband
85
Who created the good girl/bad girl dichotomy?
-Victoria intellectuals
86
What was calling?
-where young men were invited to the homes of young women for chaperoned visits
87
Define production
-the making of goods for sale
88
Define smashing
-a term 1920s girls used to describe a same-sex crush
89
What were office wives?
- in the 1950s-60s women work was serving white collar men
| - like a secretary etc.
90
What were marriage bans?
-marriage bans (1800s) were policies against married women working
91
What was protective legislation? How were they justified?
- policies designed to protect women and children from exploitation in the workplace
- all women would become mothers and needed to be protected for that reason
92
Define service and information economy?
-jobs focusing on providing services for others
93
What is the ideal marriage now?
-partnership marriage
94
Define partnership marriage
- a model of marriage based on love and companionship between two equal
- who negotiate a division of labour unique to each couple
95
What is the marriage go round?
-Americans both marry and divorce more frequently than people in other countries
SOCI 303
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Decks in class (9)
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