Which gender have more freedom to resist the gender binary but what results?
- Women, however doing femininity is compulsory
- women have to assume gender performances that harm them as individuals and produce group disadvantage
How is cheerleading gendered now?
- classified as a hobby and not a sport
- they wear sexy outfits
- they are a female auxiliary to sport not the serious main event
Do parents encourage or discourage masculine behaviour from women?
-they encourage it
What is the masculine and feminine balance and an example?
- if women do masculine things they must also do something feminine
- an example is presenting oneself as sexy
What is the feminine apologetic?
- a woman’s performance of femininity can soothe others concerns about her masculinity
- she’s allowed to do what she wants as long as she sends clear signals that she wants men’s approval
Who may be forced to perform a feminine apologetic?
- women who already have ascribed masculinity
- queer and Black women
How is femininity implicitly white?
- an example of hair, nice natural blonde waves
- Black women have to decide to leave their hair natural or get a wig etc
What are Pariah femininities?
-ways of being a woman that by directly challenging male dominance are aggressively policed
Whatever is deemed feminine will be subject to what?
- the three relations of gender inequality
- sexism, androcentrism, subordination
What is benevolent sexism?
-the attribution of positive traits to women that justify women’s subordination to men
What is hostile sexism?
-the use of harassment, threats and violence to enforce women’s subservience to men
Because power is gendered, the requirement to do femininity is what?
-to do femininity is to do subordination
What is the language of subordination?
- hedging: I’d kind of, it seems like
- hyper politeness: I’d appreciate it, if you don’t mind
- questions in response to questions
What is aggrieved entitlement?
-anger about something that men believe they own or deserve that is being unjustly taken or withheld
What is misogyny?
Men’s fear and hatred of women with power
How do women experience self harm or victim blaming?
-they relate a mans violence back on themselves and how they were responsible for it
How do women make patriarchal bargains?
-women do it to attempt to perfect a performance of femininity in exchange for the support of a man who will share his privilege with her
What is emphatic sameness?
- downplaying femininity in exchange for masculinity
- androcentric approach by women
Is emphatic sameness always possible?
-no, the strategy is only possible in specific contexts
Why is emphatic sameness bad?
-because it involves the denigration of femininity
What is a double bind and what is an example in Western societies?
- a situation in which cultural expectations are contradictory, making success unattainable
- in Western societies, to be powerful is to fail as a women and to be a successful women is to give up power
Define feminism
The belief that all men and women should have equal rights and opportunities
