PATHO/PHARM EXAM 2 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

Alterations in Oxygen Transport (49 cards)

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1
Q

APLASTIC ANEMIA
-What is this?
-What does this mean

A

-A stem cell disorder characterized by REDUCTION of function in bone marrow
-It is unable to produce enough blood cells

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2
Q

APLASTIC ANEMIA
-What does aplastic anemia do
-What is this condition called?

A

-It affects all blood cell types by causing a drop in them
-Pancytopenia

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3
Q

APLASTIC ANEMIA
-What does it cause a drop in?

A

-RBCs
-WBCs
-Platelets

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4
Q

APLASTIC ANEMIA
-What are the clinical manifestations of Aplastic Anemia? (remember FFEWPS)

A

-Fatigue
-Frequent infections –> viral & microbacterial infections
-Easy bruising/bleeding
-Weakness
-Pale skin
-SOB

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5
Q

APLASTIC ANEMIA: Treatment
-Describe how treatment is

A

-It is multifaceted & dependent on the etiology and severity of the disease

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6
Q

APLASTIC ANEMIA: Treatment
-What are the treatments? (remember MIPBEB!!)

A
  1. Maintainence of hemoglobin & platelet levels
  2. Immunosuppressive therapy
  3. Prevent & manage infections
  4. Blood transfusions
  5. Erythropoietin therapy
  6. Bone marrow transplant
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7
Q

APLASTIC ANEMIA
-Can this be fatal?

A

Yes, unless it is successfully managed with a bone marrow transplant

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8
Q

APLASTIC ANEMIA
-What things can you do as the nurse? (5)

A
  1. Infection prevention & bleeding precautions
  2. Activity modifications
  3. Regular monitoring of patient & assessment
  4. Transfusion
  5. Patient education
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9
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
-What is this?
-what does it result in?

A

-A genetic defect of hemoglobin synthesis
-hemoglobin instability & insolubility

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9
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Etiology & Pathogenesis
-What happens to hemoglobin?
-What does this mean?

A

-It is altered & shaped like a sickle (sickle hemoglobin S)
-Cannot flow through vascular system easily

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10
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
-What does sick cell anemia cause?

A

Severe anemia & recurrent painful episodes

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11
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
-What do the pathogenic signs & symptoms relate to?

A

Red cell sickling

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12
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: In a nutshell
-What happens when oxygen levels are low
-describe what happens (2)

A

-RBCs sickle, get longer, & become rigid
1. They are unable to pass through small vessels & the cell membrane is damaged
2. The arteries become occluded bc of this, leading to tissue damage, pain, loss of function, & increases hemolysis of RBCs in the spleen (which causes severe anemia)

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13
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
-Describe sickled red cells
-What does this result in?

A

-Sickled red cells have a decreased survival time, which causes anemia & vascular occlusion
-Capillary stasis, venous thrombosis, & arterial emboli

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14
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: In a nutshell
-What may the patient have due to hemolysis?

A

Increased bilirubin & jaundice

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15
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Genetic Background
-Sickle cell anemia is what kind of blood disorder?
-What is inherited?
-Who is it more common in?

A

-Inherited blood disorder
-Autosomal recessive inheritance
-African Americas

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16
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Genetic Background
-What is a major medical event that occurs during sickle cell anemia?

A

Crisis

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17
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Types
-What are the 2 types of sickle cell anemia?

A
  1. Sickle Cell Anemia
  2. Sickle Cell trait
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18
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Types
-When does sickle cell anemia occur?

A

-When the individual inherits a specific genetic abnormality from BOTH parents, which leads to the formation of sickle shaped hemoglobin (hemoglobin S)

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19
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Types
-Describe sickle cell anemia
-What is the most dangerous symptom of it?

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A

-It is a devastating condition
-Occurence of acute episodes of crisis, which can be hemolytic or vascular

20
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Types: Sickle Cell Trait
-What is this?
-Describe the symptoms

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A

-Abnormal hemoglobin S is inherited from ONE parent with a normal hemoglobin from the other parent
-They are usually mild

21
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Clinical manifestations
-What are the clinical manifestations (remember SADPIJ)

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A

-Severe pain episodes
-Anemia
-Decreased blood flow to organs
-Pallor
-Itching
-Jaundice

22
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Treatment
-What is the treatment of choice for sickle cell anemia?

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A

Stem cell transplant

23
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Treatment
-What are other treatments? (remember RAPPS)

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A

-Regular medical monitoring
-Acess to specialized care
-Pain management
-Prevention of complications
-Support services for patients & family

24
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE** -What is this?
A condition where there is low RBC count in people with kidney failure
25
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE** -What two types of failure occur with kidney failure?
1. Failure of the renal endocrine function 2. Failure of the renal excretory function
26
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE** -Which one of the two failures usually causes kidney failure?
Failure of the renal endocrine function
27
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE** -What happens when the kidneys fail? -What is this the reason of?
-They stop making erythopoietin (EPO) -Of why people with kidney failure become anemic
28
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE** -What does EPO do?
It tells the bone marrow to make RBCs
29
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE** -What occurs during kidney damage?
The damaged kidney doesn't clean blood properly, RBCs break down faster, & bone marrow doesn't work as well
30
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE** -What does failure of the renal excretory function lead to?
Hemolysis, bone marrow cell depression, & blood loss
31
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE** -Describe the clinical manifestations of anemia of chronic renal failure (remember SHWFP
-SOB -Heart problems -Weakness -Fatigue -Pale skin
32
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE**: *Treatment* -What are the treatments? (remember RED)
-Regular monitoring -EPO medication/administration -Dialysis or blood transfusion if needed
33
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE**: *Treatment* -What are types of EPO medications -When is it given until
-Epogen, Procrit, Aranesp -until hemoglobin gets to 12
34
**ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE**: *Treatment* -What happens if nutritional anemia is present?
Replacement of iron, folate, & b12 is needed for patient
35
**POLYCYTHEMIA** -What is this? -What does it lead to?
-Excess RBCs resulting in increased blood viscosity -clinical symptoms, such as hypertension
36
**POLYCYTHEMIA** -What are the types of polycythemia?
1. Polycythemia vera 2. Secondary polycythemia 3.Relative polycythemia
37
**POLYCYTHEMIA** -What are the different types of polycythemias classified by?
According to cause
38
**POLYCYTHEMIA** -What is the primary polycythemia?
Polycythemia vera
39
**POLYCYTHEMIA** -What is polycythemia vera?
-Neoplastic transformation of bone marrow stem cells -Bone marrow produces too many RBCs!!!
40
**POLYCYTHEMIA**: *Secondary Polycythemia* -What is secondary polycythemia? -What is this usually in response to?
-Absolute erythrocytosis (excess RBC causing thickened blood) caused by increased stimulation of RBC production -tissue hypoxia by high altitude or lung disease (low oxygen)
41
**POLYCYTHEMIA** -Who is secondary polycythemia common in?
COPD patients & cor pulmonale
42
**POLYCYTHEMIA** -What are the less common types of secondary polycythemia caused by?
Renal or other organ tumors, which cause an increase in erythropoietin production
43
**POLYCYTHEMIA** -What is relative polycythemia? -What does it result from?
-Increased hematocrit level -From dehydration that causes increase in RBC count
44
**SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA** -What are the clinical manifestations?
-Those of the underlying disease state, such cardiovascular disease with right-to-left shunt, chronic lung disease, or alveolar hypoventilation
45
**SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA**: *Treatment* -What are the treatment approaches directed at?
Identifying & managing the underlying cause
46
**SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA**: *Treatment* -What are the two types of treatments?
Phlebotomy & oxygen administration
47
**SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA**: *Treatment* -When is phlebotomy used? -What is it helpful in?
-To decrease cardiovascular workload -Cardiovascular disease & COPD
48
**SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA**: *Treatment* -What is oxygen administration helpful in?
Chronic lung disease
PATHO/PHARM EXAM 2
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