1
Q
Nat Turner was born into _____ at _____
A
slavery in Southampton County, Virginia
2
Q
His enslaver said that he
A
learned to read without being taught.
3
Q
As an adolescent, he became a devoted___
A
Christian and fasted
4
Q
One morning, on ______, he and his friends set out to _____
A
August 22, 1831
Punish slave owners.
5
Q
The rebels killed all of the
A
white men, women, and children they encounter.
6
Q
They had visited ____ farms and killed ___ whites.
A
11
57
7
Q
along the way, they had added ____ to their army
A
50-60 men
8
Q
After word had got out about the rebels,
A
All except Nat Turner were killed by the militia and hundreds of white men who had gathered.
9
Q
Turner hid____
A
in the woods for about 10 weeks before being captured.
10
Q
In the months following the insurrection, the Virginia legislator reaffirmed the state’s determination to preserve slavery by ___
A
passing laws that strengthened the institution and further restricted free Blacks
11
Q
Mane Contents
A
Mane Contents
12
Q
In the first half of the nineteenth century, millions of Americans ______. In the south, the stampede began after the _____
A
migrated west
Creek War of 1813-1814
13
Q
What caused Southerners to want to migrate westward?
A
Cotton
14
Q
South of the _____, climate and geography were really suited for the ____
A
Mason-Dixon Line
Cultivation of Cotton
15
Q
What was the approximate enslaved population in the U.S. South in 1790, 1830, and 1860?
A
1790: fewer than 700,000
1830: about 2 million
1860: almost 4 million
16
Q
By 1860, how did the number of enslaved people in the South compare to other slave societies?
A
The South contained more enslaved people than all the other slave societies in the New World combined.
17
Q
What was the primary reason for the growth of the enslaved population after 1808?
A
It was not the result of the importation of slaves, which the federal government outlawed in 1808. Instead, the population grew through natural reproduction.
18
Q
By midcentury, what was true of the great majority of U.S. slaves?
A
The great majority of U.S. slaves were native-born southerners.
19
Q
What was the Black-to-White demographic ratio in the South by 1860?
A
One in every three southerners was Black (approx. 4 million Blacks to 8 million whites).
20
Q
Which region of the South had a majority-Black population in 1860?
A
The Lower South states of Mississippi and South Carolina.
21
Q
How did the North’s demographics compare to the South’s in 1860?
A
The contrast was striking: Only one northerner in seventy-six was Black.
22
Q
In what ways did Black people shape Southern culture?
A
Southern culture—language, food, music, religion, and even accents—was in part shaped by Black people.
23
Q
What was the most direct consequence of the South’s biracialism?
A
Southern whites’ commitment to white supremacy.
24
Q
What were Slave Codes?
A
Laws constructed by state legislatures that required the total submission of enslaved people.
25
What did Slave Codes require of enslaved people, according to the Louisiana code?
A slave "owes his master . . . a respect without bounds, and an absolute obedience."
26
Who was granted the authority to enforce obedience and "correct" enslaved people?
All whites, not just masters, could "correct" slaves who did not "stay in their place."
27
What was the primary legal defense for slavery used by Southern intellectuals and legislators?
They argued that slaves were legal property, and the protection of property was the bedrock of American liberty.
28
What historical civilizations did pro-slavery advocates claim endorsed slavery?
The great civilizations of the past, such as the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans.
29
How was the Bible used to justify slavery?
They claimed the Bible, properly interpreted, sanctioned slavery, pointing to Old Testament patriarchs who owned slaves, and Paul returning the runaway slave Onesimus to his master in the New Testament.
30
What social fear did pro-slavery spokesmen claim would result from freeing enslaved people?
It would lead to the sexual mixing of the races, or miscegenation.
31
Who was George Fitzhugh of Virginia, and how did he defend slavery?
A defender of slavery who attacked the North's "free-labor" economy.
32
What was George Fitzhugh's critique of the North's "free-labor" and "individualism" philosophy?
He claimed it was a heartless philosophy: "Every man for himself, and the devil take the hindmost."
33
According to Fitzhugh, how did "gouging capitalists" treat Northern wageworkers?
They exploited wageworkers unmercifully.
34
Separate info
Separate info
35
Who was John C. Calhoun, and when did he speak about slavery?
A U.S. Senator and South Carolina politician who spoke before the U.S. Senate in 1837.
36
What was Calhoun's argument defending slavery?
He called slavery a "positive good" rather than a necessary evil.
37
What was Calhoun's primary claim regarding the condition of enslaved people?
He claimed enslaved people were better off than the poorest laborers (paupers) in Europe, who suffered from sickness and infirmities.
38
What was Calhoun's racial justification for slavery?
He argued that the Black race of Central Africa was grown up under their institutions, preventing them from sinking into a "low, degraded, and savage condition," making it a civilizing force.
39
Who was William Harper, and when did he write his memoir on slavery?
A judge, politician, and academic who wrote his Memoir on Slavery in 1837.
40
What philosophical justification did Harper use against abolitionists?
He refuted their appeals to "natural equality and inalienable rights," which he said they used to support their attacks on slavery.
41
What was Harper's specific claim about the phrase "All men are born free and equal"?
He questioned it, asking: "Is it not palpably nearer the truth to say that no man was ever born free, and that no two men were ever born equal?"
42
What did Southern defenders argue in addition to economics and states' rights?
They argued that slavery was a social good and a benefit to both races, calling it a "most magnificent jungle."
43
What is the source of Document 1?
John C. Calhoun, "Speech on the Reception of Abolition Petitions," delivered in the Senate, February 6th, 1837.
44
What is the source of Document 2?
William Harper, Memoir on Slavery, 1837.
45
Document 2 continuation
Document 2 continuation
46
What "order of nature" argument did Harper use to justify slavery?
He claimed it's natural for men of superior faculties and knowledge to enslave and control those who are inferior, just as animals prey upon each other.
47
According to Harper, how is slavery necessary for "civilized man" to possess territory?
He argued that the "savage" (Native Americans) cannot live together with the civilized man and can only be "tamed by being enslaved or by having slaves."
48
What specific criticism did Harper address regarding the treatment of Native Americans?
He addressed the denunciation of the "injustice and cruelty" practiced toward Indigenous peoples, acknowledging "fraud and injustice" but dismissing it as irrelevant to the right to possess the land.
49
Who was Thornton Stringfellow, and what was his primary defense of slavery?
He was a figure who defended slavery using The Bible (the "Bible Argument").
50
How did Stringfellow use Jesus and the Mosaic Law to support slavery?
He claimed Jesus did not abolish slavery and that the principle relied upon is a fundamental principle of the Mosaic Law, which was instituted by Jehovah Himself.
51
What New Testament passage did Stringfellow cite to prove slavery was Biblically sanctioned?
He referenced Paul's letter to the Colossians (Colossians 3:22-4:1), specifically the verses directing: "Servants obey in all things your masters..." and "Masters give unto your servants that which is just and equal..."
52
Back to main content
back to main content
53
How did pro-slavery advocates contrast their system with the North's?
They contrasted the "humane relations" between masters and slaves with the North's "vicious free-labor system."
54
According to John C. Calhoun, what happened to Black people where slavery was abolished?
He argued their condition "has become worse," instead of being improved.
55
According to Calhoun, what happened to Black people where slavery remained (the slave states)?
He claimed their condition "have improved greatly in every respect."
56
What was the "heart of the defense of slavery"?
The claim of Black inferiority, arguing that Africans were "lesser beings."
57
According to the text, what three things did pro-slavery champions claim slavery provided to Africans?
1. Lifted them from "barbarism and savagery." 2. Taught them "disciplined work." 3. Converted them to "soul-saving Christianity."
58
Why did slaveholders protect enslaved people?
Why did slaveholders protect enslaved people?
59
What was Thomas R. Dew's claim about the feelings of most enslaved people?
They were "grateful" and were the master's "warmest, most constant, and most devoted friends." (Dew was a Virginian.)
60
How did African slavery unify Southern white people?
It encouraged them to unify by race rather than divide by class, fostering a sense of shared racial superiority.
61
What was the lowest-class white person called in the text?
The "grubbiest, most tobacco-stained white man."
62
According to Georgia attorney T. R. R. Cobb, what was the core belief of every white southerner?
They "feels that he belongs to an elevated class" and is "not of the inferior race."
63
How did slavery affect the social equality of white people in the South, according to Cobb?
The "poorest meets the richest as an equal" in public assemblies, sitting at the same table, and standing on the "same social platform."
64
How did slavery prevent a "war of classes" in the South?
It gave every white southerner membership in the "ruling race," helping them bridge vast differences in wealth, education, and culture.
65
What fraction of the white population lived in slaveholding families?
Only about one-quarter of the white population.
66
How many slaves did most slaveholders own?
Fewer than five slaves.
67
What number of slaves did a farmer typically need to be considered a planter?
Twenty or more slaves (about 12 percent of slaveholders).
68
What fraction of the South's enslaved population lived and worked on plantations?
52 percent of the South's enslaved lived on plantations in 1860.
69
What percentage of the South's cotton and other export crops were produced on plantations?
More than 75 percent, making them the backbone of the region's economy.
70
What were the South's major cash crops that grew on plantations?
Tobacco, sugar, rice, and cotton.
71
What was the original plantation crop in North America, and where had its cultivation shifted by the 19th century?
Tobacco; it had shifted westward from the Chesapeake to Tennessee and Kentucky.
72
What materials did people wear before cotton became widely available, and what were their drawbacks?
Wool and linen; they were expensive, scratchy, and often unwashable/smelly.
73
What made cotton cloth revolutionary?
It was cheap, comfortable, and washable.
74
What invention changed cotton production, and when did it happen?
The cotton gin (a device to quickly clean raw cotton) invented by Eli Whitney before 1793.
75
What was the result of the cotton gin's invention on US history?
It caused a "cotton rush" that led to planters, merchants, and manufacturers linking the economies of America and Britain, and slavery's westward expansion.
76
By 1802, what was the US's position in the global cotton market?
The US had become the single most important supplier of cotton to Britain.
77
By the 1850s, how much of the cotton used by British textile factories came from the American South?
The South supplied 77 percent (777 million pounds) of the 800 million pounds used each year.
78
Why did British manufacturers rely on imported American cotton?
Britain's cold, rainy climate meant they could not grow cotton.
79
What key factors revolutionized the making of cotton cloth and enabled mass production?
New machines, new sources of power, and a new labor system.
80
What were the working conditions like in British textile factories for workers (often children and women)?
"Offensive, dark, damp, and incommodious." They worked at least 12 hours a day, six days a week.
81
What did a 1833 Parliament report reveal about child labor in the spinning mills?
It was an "excess of toil" for children between nine and thirteen who worked only nine hours a day (after a protective act had already passed).
82
History Book Notes
flashcards
Decks in class (56)
# Cards
-
chapter 6 Notes26
-
test 2 part 2 flashcards22
-
Reinforcement15
-
History Book Notes10
-
Chapter 10 Notes93
-
Burr and Hamilton10
-
Articles of confederation notes6
-
Articles of Confederation — Origins and Structure8
-
Articles of Confederation — Congressional Powers and Limits6
-
Congressional Successes under the Articles6
-
Diplomatic Weaknesses under the Articles3
-
Specific Diplomatic Problems6
-
Internal Problems and Shay’s Rebellion4
-
Background of the Constitutional Convention — Context4
-
Annapolis Convention (September 11, 1786)5
-
The Constitutional Convention (May 25 – September 17, 1787) — Delegates and Goals4
-
Major Controversies and Plans3
-
The Great Compromise and Drafting3
-
Final Constitution — Compromises and Structure8
-
Ratification disputes and early elections4
-
Washington’s administration and judicial system2
-
Major policy disputes: Hamilton vs. Jefferson3
-
Revenue, Whiskey Rebellion, and enforcement2
-
Northwest Indian conflict and resolution3
-
Origins of the two‑party system4
-
Washington’s Foreign Policy — Big Picture3
-
Major Diplomatic Achievements under Washington2
-
The Jay Treaty of 17945
-
Reaction to the Jay Treaty3
-
U.S.-Spain Negotiations — Pinckney Treaty5
-
Problems with France during Washington’s Presidency5
-
John Adams Presidency — Election and Character3
-
Adams and the Crisis with France5
-
Domestic Politics and the Federalists2
-
The Alien and Sedition Acts.4
-
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions2
-
End of Franco-American Crisis and Federalist Decline4
-
Election of 1800 & Judiciary Act of 18017
-
Thomas Jefferson and the “Revolution” of 18003
-
Jefferson’s First Administration (Cabinet & Policies)4
-
Louisiana Purchase (May 2, 1803) & Exploration7
-
Jefferson’s Re-election (1804) & Gallatin4
-
Jefferson’s Troubled Second Administration (Burr, Britain/France, Embargo)7
-
Tensions on the Western Frontier & Tecumseh (1811)2
-
Causes of the War of 1812 & the War Hawks4
-
Declaration of War (1812) & Timing3
-
U.S. Military Strengths & Weaknesses3
-
Naval War on High Seas & Inland Waters2
-
Land Campaigns (1812–1814) & Canada3
-
Southern Campaigns & Andrew Jackson1
-
British Attacks on the U.S. East Coast (1814)2
-
The Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815)5
-
Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814) & Negotiations3
-
Impact of the War of 18125
-
Test 2 part 1 notes31
-
Chapter 13 notes82
