Chapter 15: Lecture

Question 1

During brief intense activity, _____ _____ and _____ _____ are depleted. Such activity is termed ______ (without _____).

Answer 1

• oxygen reserves
• energy sources
• anaerobic
• oxygen

Question 2

As exercise period lengthens, ______ system contributes less and _____ system takes over.

Answer 2

• anaerobic

- aerobic

Question 3

In anaerobic performance, tasks are ____ s long.

Answer 3

10-30

Question 4

Measures for assessing aerobic performance:

Answer 4

• total work output
• peak power, mean power
• normalized to body mass (kg)
• anaerobic capacity

Question 5

Possible field tests for assessing anaerobic performance:

Answer 5

• 50 m sprint

- sprinting flight of stairs

Question 6

Describe changes in anaerobic performance.

Answer 6

• normalize to kg, graph still goes up

- therefore there are more factors than just increased body mass

Question 7

Once adult body size is attained, anaerobic performance is _____.

Answer 7

stable

Question 8

Improvement in anaerobic performance in adulthood reflects….

Answer 8

training alone

Question 9

In older adulthood, a loss of ____ ____ can result in declining _____ performance.

Answer 9

• muscle mass

- anaerobic

Question 10

Who can improve anaerobic performance with anaerobic training?

Answer 10

• preadolescent and adolescent boys

- one study found improvements in prepubescent girls

Question 11

Master athletes who train sufficiently _____ anaerobic performance as they age.

Answer 11

maintain

Question 12

Anaerobic training effects before and after puberty:

Answer 12

• smaller changes in hypertrophy prior to puberty

- bigger changes in strength and hypertrophy after puberty

Question 13

During a prolonged period of submaximal activity, the following responses occur:

Answer 13

• oxidative breakdown of food stores

- depletion of local energy reserves

Question 14

Physiological responses to prolonged exercise: body increases…to deliver _____ to muscles.

Answer 14

• heart and respiratory rates
• cardiac output (HR &/or SV)
• oxygen uptake
• oxygen

Question 15

Assessment of aerobic performance may be _____.

Answer 15

graded (get more intense in stages)

Question 16

The effort in assessing aerobic performance can be ____ or ____.

Answer 16

• maximal

- submaximal

Question 17

Maximal oxygen uptake is often measured to…

Answer 17

see how efficiently participant uses oxygen

Question 18

Aerobic performance is the largest amount of ….

Answer 18

oxygen the body can consume during aerobic work in a minute

Question 19

Changes in VO2 max: growth/maturation relationship to kg:

Answer 19

• normalize to kg: graph goes flat/down

- therefore body growth accounts for changes in VO2 max

Question 20

Recovery of HR after exercise is faster in _____ due to….

Answer 20

• children

- higher parasympathetic tone

Question 21

Changes in youth endurance performance:

Answer 21

• girls change in steady fashion

- boys steady between year 1, 2, then big change

Question 22

Average maximal oxygen uptake per kg of body weight falls about ____% per year after the ___s.

Answer 22

• 1%

- 20s

Question 23

_____ and ____ adults maintain higher maximal oxygen uptake than do _____ adults.

Answer 23

• athletic
• active
• sedentary

Question 24

Cardiovascular changes in adulthood:

Answer 24

• loss of cardiac muscle
• loss of elasticity in cardiac muscle
• thickening of left ventricle
• fibrotic changes in valves
• loss of elasticity in major blood vessels
• maximum achievable HR with exercise declines
• stroke volume in some older adults declines
• cardiac output declines

Question 25

Respiratory changes in adulthood:

Answer 25

- elasticity of lung tissue declines - vital capacity decreases, especially in smokers - oxygen-CO2 exchange loses efficiency

Question 26

Muscular changes in adulthood:

Answer 26

- loss of mass | - decreased arteriovenous oxygen difference

Question 27

Respiratory adaptations to endurance training:

Answer 27

- enhanced O2 exchange in lungs - improved blood flow through lungs - decreased submaximal respiratory rate - decreased submaximal pulmonary ventilation

Question 28

Cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training:

Answer 28

- increased cardiac output - increase blood volume, RBC count, and hemoglobin concentration - enhanced blood flow to skeletal muscle - reduced submaximal HR - improved thermoregulation

Question 29

Musculoskeletal adaptations to endurance training:

Answer 29

- increased mitochondrial size and density - increased oxidative enzyme concentrations - increased myoglobin concentrations - increased capilarization in muscle bed - increased O2 difference between arterial and venous blood

Question 30

When looking at training effect in children, ____ ____ and ____ level must be considered.

Answer 30

- growth status | - maturation

Question 31

Trigger hypothesis holds that...

Answer 31

the hormonal levels of puberty are necessary for substantial training effect

Question 32

Aerobic training yields ____ improvements at best in ______.

Answer 32

- small | - preadolescents

Question 33

Aerobic training yields _____ improvements after ____.

Answer 33

- significant | - puberty

Question 34

The 5 S's of trainability:

Answer 34

1. speed 2. skill 3. suppleness 4. strength 5. stamina

Question 35

Cardiorespiratory endurance improves with ____ ____.

Answer 35

body growth

Question 36

Training, especially after _____, improves _____.

Answer 36

- puberty | - endurance

Question 37

If training is not maintained...

Answer 37

benefits will reverse

Question 38

Gender differences exist after _____.

Answer 38

puberty