Lecture 4

Question 1

1st trimester:

Answer 1

• weeks 0-12

- embryonic + start of fetal

Question 2

2nd trimester:

Answer 2

• weeks 13-26

- fetal

Question 3

3rd trimester:

Answer 3

weeks 27-39/40

Question 4

By the end of the 1st trimester, what is developed?

Answer 4

• eyes, ears, nose, mouth, digits
• sex externally recognizable
• head very large
• brain configuration nearly complete
• blood forming in bone marrow

Question 5

By the end of the 2nd trimester, what is developed?

Answer 5

• respiratory like movements begin
• motor activity
• scalp hair present
• heart muscle developed
• myelination of spinal cord
• cerebral cortex layers formed

Question 6

By the end of the 3rd trimester, what is developed?

Answer 6

• fat tissue, more round
• skin smooth with pinkish tone
• moderate hair on head
• light receptive
• taste
• ossification
• myelination of brain
• pulmonary branching 2/3 complete

Question 7

Premature kids often have _____ issues.

Answer 7

respiratory

Question 8

When is the earliest time you can see the process of differentiation of cells?

Answer 8

formation of germ layers

Question 9

3 germ layers:

Answer 9

• ectoderm (skin, nervous system)
• mesoderm (muscle tissue)
• endoderm (internal organs)

Question 10

Hyperplasia:

Answer 10

one cell becomes lots of cells

Question 11

Hypertrophy:

Answer 11

one cell gets big

Question 12

Cephalocaudal:

Answer 12

• head to toe

- head starts growing before toes

Question 13

Proximodistal:

Answer 13

• near and far

- things closer to the trunk develop faster

Question 14

What are some heritable (genetic) impairments?

Answer 14

• down syndrome

- dwarfism

Question 15

Down syndrome:

Answer 15

• trisomy 21
• extra chromosome
• can be stature, can change expected trajectory

Question 16

What are some substances pregnant women are told to avoid?

Answer 16

• alcohol
• smoking
• certain types of fish/seafood
• caffeine (depends on culture, BP issues, withdrawal)

Question 17

What environments or situations are pregnant women encouraged to avoid?

Answer 17

• x rays

- any kind of radiation that may interfere with cells that are dividing rapidly

Question 18

What substances or supplements are women encouraged to take during pregnancy?

Answer 18

folic acid

Question 19

_____ curves are important for predicting height.

Answer 19

growth

Question 20

falling outside the ____ percentile is an issue.

Answer 20

3rd

Question 21

As you get older, the lines in a growth curve ____ ___ due to..

Answer 21

• spread out
• individual variation
• less predictable

Question 22

Variance can be seen in a growth curve through…

Answer 22

how much space between lines

Question 23

If you’re in the 15th percentile at age 2, you should…

Answer 23

• continues along the 15th percentile

- moving up is not a good thing, childhood obesity

Question 24

Slope of lines in a growth curve =

Answer 24

velocity

Question 25

In velocity curves for height, peak happens earlier for ____ than ____.

Answer 25

girls than boys

Question 26

Age of take off in girls for velocity curves for height:

Answer 26

10

Question 27

Age of take off in boys for velocity curves for height:

Answer 27

11.5

Question 28

In general, peak height velocity tends to be higher for _____ than _____.

Answer 28

- boys than girls | - part of the reason why boys end up being taller than girls

Question 29

Late maturers on average are ______.

Answer 29

- taller | - the earlier you hit your peak height velocity, the earlier you shut down growth

Question 30

Weight tends to follow ____ pattern.

Answer 30

sigmoid

Question 31

Weight is susceptible to ____ factors, especially ____ and _____.

Answer 31

- extrinsic - diet - exercise

Question 32

People tend to _____, then _____. What does this mean?

Answer 32

- grow in height - fill out - peak weight velocity follows peak height velocity

Question 33

When looking for scoliosis, we look for...

Answer 33

- ossification ridge at top of pelvis | - immature development

Question 34

Catch up growth:

Answer 34

- have growth faltering - trajectory deviates from typical curve - growth stunting

Question 35

Growth stunting:

Answer 35

if you can detect this early enough and can change the environment, they will regrow and get back to where they should have been

Question 36

What is the controversy with catch up growth?

Answer 36

whether this happens after the age of 2

Question 37

Prenatal development is influenced by _____ and _____ factors.

Answer 37

- genetic | - extrinsic

Question 38

Most extrinsic factors are influential through...

Answer 38

the nourishment system

Question 39

Growth abnormalities can be caused by...

Answer 39

- genes - environment - both

Question 40

Whole-body growth follows a ______ pattern.

Answer 40

- sigmoid | - with timing differences between the sexes and among individuals

Question 41

With advancing age, _____ factors contribute more to individual variability.

Answer 41

extrinsic