Chapter 9 Lecture

Question 1

Prehension:

Answer 1

grasping of an object

Question 2

1930’s-1950’s:

Answer 2

maturationalists

Question 3

_____ proposed 10 phases of development in 1931.

Answer 3

Halverson

Question 4

Halverson’s 10 phases included:

Answer 4

• transition from power to precision grips

- imposition of one task, one set of environmental conditions

Question 5

Hohlstein (1982) proposed that…

Answer 5

• object size and shape influence type of grasp

- by 9 months, infants shape hand to match object as they reach

Question 6

Halverson used …

Answer 6

• balls, crayons, cup, bell etc.

- didn’t use a cube

Question 7

Describe Halverson’s observations of transition from power to precision:

Answer 7

• birth: no contact
• 1 month: limited contact
• 2 months: grasp with entire hand
• 3 months: adjust hand position
• 4 months: grasp with thumb on top
• 5 months: grasp with fingers only

Question 8

Hand shape will change ____ ____ to the object, will ____ according to the size and shape of the object you’re going to pick up.

Answer 8

• en route

- reshape

Question 9

Grip movements are ____ ____. Key is ____ size relative to ____ size. More research is needed in ______.

Answer 9

• body scaled
• hand
• object
• infancy

Question 10

Ratio of hand size to object size is consistent for transitioning from…

Answer 10

using one hand to using 2 hands to pick up object

Question 11

At _____ months, infants become consistent in moving the hand to the mouth.

Answer 11

3-4 months

Question 12

By ___ months, infants open the mouth in anticipation of the hand’s arrival.

Answer 12

5 months

Question 13

At ____ months, infants show bilateral arm extension and reaching (often _____).

Answer 13

• 2 months

- symmetric

Question 14

Around ____ months, infants reach for objects with both arms (usually …)

Answer 14

• 4.5

- one hand reaches and grasps object first

Question 15

During year ___, infants alternate between predominantly _____ and predominantly ____ reaching.

Answer 15

• 1
• unimanual
• bimanual

Question 16

By ____ months, we see pulling apart and insertion actions.

Answer 16

12

Question 17

Early in year ___, infants use objects as tools.

Answer 17

2

Question 18

After ___ months, infants manipulate objects cooperatively with both hands.

Answer 18

8

Question 19

cooperative activities:

Answer 19

• manipulating an object where 1 hand is stabilizing the object and the other hand is exploring
• ex. smacking sticks together

Question 20

Complementary activity ex:

Answer 20

lifting a cookie jar lid and taking a cookie out with other hand

Question 21

By end of year ___, we see complementary activities.

Answer 21

2

Question 22

Object permanence happens within the ____ year.

Answer 22

• first

- 6-8 months

Question 23

RAM =

Answer 23

rapid aiming movements

Question 24

RAM involve a ____ and ____ to ____ ____; then a ______ and ____ phase.

Answer 24

• initiation
• acceleration
• peak velocity
• deceleration
• termination

Question 25

With RAM, young adults tend to have _____ phases.

Answer 25

symmetrical

Question 26

With RAM, older adults move less far in _____ phase, thus have longer _____ phase.

Answer 26

- acceleration | - deceleration

Question 27

Ideally objects are caught in the ____ so they can be _____.

Answer 27

- hands | - manipulated

Question 28

Needing to _____ an object makes catching more difficult.

Answer 28

intercept

Question 29

Early catching:

Answer 29

- initially position arms and hands rigidly, sometimes trap ball against chest - sometimes turn their head away or close their eyes

Question 30

Proficient catching:

Answer 30

- Hands “give” with the ball to gradually absorb force - Catcher moves from side to side or forward and back to intercept the ball - Fingers are pointed up for high balls and down for low balls

Question 31

____ and ____ constraints greatly affect the difficulty of catching.

Answer 31

- task | - environmental

Question 32

4 steps of arm action in catching:

Answer 32

1. little response 2. hugging 3. scooping 4. arms "give"

Question 33

3 steps of hand action in catching:

Answer 33

1. palms up 2. palms in 3. palms adjusted

Question 34

3 steps of body action in catching:

Answer 34

1. no adjustment 2. awkward adjustment 3. proper adjustment

Question 35

For comparisons, ____ and ____ constraints must be consistent.

Answer 35

- task | - environmental

Question 36

Common way to assess catching:

Answer 36

the number of catches in a set of attempts can be scored

Question 37

The ____ _____ can provide information about the movement process.

Answer 37

developmental sequence

Question 38

______ is involved in many manipulative tasks and interception skills.

Answer 38

anticipation

Question 39

Studies often involve _____-anticipation tasks.

Answer 39

coincidence

Question 40

Coincidence-anticipation tasks:

Answer 40

anticipating completion of movement to coincide with arrival of moving object

Question 41

Interception success is often related to...

Answer 41

- ball size - speed - trajectory - other task and environmental constraints

Question 42

DCD =

Answer 42

developmental coordination disorder

Question 43

Study about individuals with DCD found...

Answer 43

- difficulty controlling the movements of the limbs - poor sense of where limbs are in space; will move them independently - aren't coordinating movements across joints as effectively - poor performers in a catching task

Question 44

PAP =

Answer 44

perception-action perspective

Question 45

In PAP, 2 characteristics of person-environment system for catching involve constant patterns of change:

Answer 45

- invariants | - expanding optical array

Question 46

Invariants:

Answer 46

stable patterns

Question 47

Expanding optical array:

Answer 47

visual pattern that expands or constricts on the retina

Question 48

Invariance in moving sideways was investigated through...

Answer 48

the constant bearing angle strategy

Question 49

How do children learn to arrive at the right place?

Answer 49

- might learn that ratio is zero when they stand still and catch a ball - eventually learn to move to keep the ratio at zero - parents, teachers, coaches can manipulate information constraints during exploratory practice

Question 50

______ is important in learning to move to catch.

Answer 50

experience

Question 51

Children are accomplished catchers by ___ or ____ years of age, but catching tasks that require _____ are difficult.

Answer 51

- 11 or 12 | - movement

Question 52

Infants become skilled at reaching or grasping. Timeline:

Answer 52

- Reaching: 3-4 months - grasp and preshape: ~9 months - bimanual: 8 months-2 years