Lecture 2

Question 1

3 theories of motor development:

Answer 1

• maturational perspective
• information processing perspective
• ecological perspective

Question 2

In the maturational perspective, motor development is driven by…

Answer 2

maturation of systems (neural system important)

Question 3

Maturational perspective has _____ influence of environment.

Answer 3

minimal

Question 4

2 characteristics of motor development in maturational perspective:

Answer 4

• qualitative

- discontinuous

Question 5

In the 1930s, _____ and _____ suggested _____, _____ determined sequence of development (individuals can have _____ _____).

Answer 5

• Gesell and McGraw
• invariable
• genetically determined
• unique timing

Question 6

Research done by Gesell and McGraw:

Answer 6

Co-twin control strategy

Question 7

McGraw (1935) associated motor development changes with…

Answer 7

development of nervous system

Question 8

McGraw assumed that advancement in _____ triggers appearance of a ____ ____.

Answer 8

• CNS

- new skill

Question 9

What are the 4 long-lasting beliefs from maturation theory?

Answer 9

• basic motor skills emerge automatically
• there is no need for special training
• mild deprivation does not arrest development
• the nervous system is most important

Question 10

McGraw’s study:

Answer 10

A study of Johnny and Jimmy

Question 11

Describe Johnny and Jimmy study.

Answer 11

• fraternal twins

- Johnny gets special attention

Question 12

In the Johnny and Jimmy study, does special attention change the rate of motor development?

Answer 12

??

Question 13

Basic tenet of information processing:

Answer 13

brain like a complex computer

Question 14

Information processing says that the _____ human responds to _____ in the _____.

Answer 14

• passive
• stimuli
• environment

Question 15

Information processing research investigates:

Answer 15

• stimulus-response links
• feedback
• knowledge of results

Question 16

In information processing, ____ ____ often studied first as a basis of comparison for performance of ____ and ____ _____.

Answer 16

• young adults
• children
• older adults

Question 17

In the ecological perspective, development is driven by….

Answer 17

interrelationship of individual, environmental, and task (importance of multiple systems)

Question 18

According to the ecological perspective, the _____ system is one of many responsible for action like….

Answer 18

• neural

- cardiovascular, skeletomuscular, endocrine

Question 19

In the ecological perspective, what else could be responsible for action?

Answer 19

ecosystem and social context

Question 20

What are the 2 branches of the ecological perspective?

Answer 20

• dynamic systems

- perception-action

Question 21

In the dynamic systems, ____ _____ of the body doesn’t need _____ (_____).

Answer 21

• physical properties
• brain
• biomechanics

Question 22

The dynamic systems believe that body systems…

Answer 22

• spontaneously self-organize

- not driven solely by CNS

Question 23

Dynamic systems believe that ____, ____, and ____ interact.

Answer 23

• body systems
• performer’s environment
• task demands

Question 24

Dynamic systems believe that some systems may develop….. thus control ….

Answer 24

• more slowly in the young or degrade faster in the old

- rate of development of change

Question 25

In dynamic systems, development is characterized by _____ and _____ change.

Answer 25

- qualitative | - discontinuous

Question 26

In the dynamic systems, change occurs ...

Answer 26

across the life span

Question 27

Perception-action theory is based on the work of _____ (dates______).

Answer 27

- J. J. Gibson | - 1960s and 1970s

Question 28

Affordance:

Answer 28

- the function an environment object provides to an individual - associated with perception-action theory

Question 29

Affordance means that _____ define ______ meanings.

Answer 29

- characteristics | - object's

Question 30

In affordance, object functions are based on...

Answer 30

individuals' intrinsic dimensions (ie are body scaled) rather than object's extrinsic, objective dimensions

Question 31

Give an example of body scaling.

Answer 31

- smaller racquets for 4-10 year olds | - strike for speed and accuracy

Question 32

Both branches of the ecological perspective reject ____ as executive controller of nearly ______ opportunities for movement.

Answer 32

- CNS | - limitless

Question 33

According to the ecological perspective, ____ is distributed throughout the body at both _____ and _____ levels.

Answer 33

- control | - global and local

Question 34

The ecological perspective allows for...

Answer 34

- new types of experiments | - new ways of thinking about old questions

Question 35

Describe how dynamic systems use biomechanics.

Answer 35

- constraints from physical body - biomechanics interact with nervous system - body will move in a natural way biomechanically, nervous system doesn't have to tell the body what to do all the time

Question 36

Give an example of affordance.

Answer 36

- size of things - looking to sit in a kid's chair - doesn't immediately afford a 2 year old to sit on big chair

Question 37

Ideomotor apraxia:

Answer 37

- what we think of as affordance, these people don't - impaired motor performance when gestures are performed (through sensory, motor, language systems intact) - do not perform the appropriate action in response to a visually presented object - ex. brushing teeth with fork

Question 38

Dynamic systems consider _____, while perception-action considers _____.

Answer 38

- rate limiters/controllers | - affordance, body scaling

Question 39

Who is a key player in information processing?

Answer 39

Pavlov

Question 40

What is the difference between information processing and maturationists?

Answer 40

- maturationists: not interested after puberty | - info processing: after puberty = pinacle (look at either side and ascend/descend from this)

Question 41

What does discontinuous development mean in the maturational perspective?

Answer 41

kid can't do something and all of a sudden they can