1
Q
The cardiovascular system consists of what 2 things?
A
Heart
Blood vessels
2
Q
These blood vessels carry blood away from the heart.
A
Arteries
3
Q
These blood vessels carry blood back toward the heart.
A
Veins
4
Q
These blood vessels connect small arteries to small veins.
A
Capillaries
5
Q
The right half of the heart carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart. Blood is deoxygenated. Which circuit is this?
A
Pulmonary circuit
6
Q
The left half of the heart carries blood out through aorta and supplies blood to every organ of the body including parts of lungs and wall of heart itself. Which circuit is this? Blood is oxygenated
A
Systemic circuit
7
Q
What is the inferior pointed end of the heart called?
A
Apex
8
Q
The wide superior portion of the heart where the large vessels are attached.
A
Base of heart
9
Q
What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?
A
- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium
10
Q
Outermost layer of the heart that is made up of a tough collagenous sac.
A
Fibrous pericardium
11
Q
The space between the parietal layer of the heart and the visceral layer of the heart is called the __________ cavity.
A
pericardial
12
Q
Fluid that is secreted by the serous pericardium and allows the heart to beat with minimal friction.
A
Pericardial fluid
13
Q
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall? EEM
A
Epicardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
14
Q
This provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue. Framework of collagenous and elastic fibers.
A
Fibrous skeleton
15
Q
The 4 chambers of the heart consist of 2 ______ and 2 ________
A
atria; ventricles
16
Q
The 2 superior chambers of the heart that receive returning blood
A
Right and left atrium
17
Q
Muscles contained in atria/auricle which are internal ridges of myocardium
A
Pectinate muscles
18
Q
Separates the right and left atria.
A
Interatrial septum
19
Q
Inferior chambers that eject blood into the arteries. Separated from each other by the interventricular septum.
A
Right and left ventricles
20
Q
This ventricle of the heart is 2-4x thicker than the right because of greater workload because it is pumping blood to entire body.
A
left ventricle
21
Q
Internal muscular ridges that help chambers expand/refill easily
A
trabeculae carnea
22
Q
External feature of the heart that separates atria above from ventricles below.
A
Coronary sulcus
23
Q
Valves that regulate the openings between atria and ventricles.
A
Atrioventricular valves
24
Q
Valve that separates right atrium from right ventricle and has 3 cusps.
A
Right AV tricuspid valve
25
Valve that has 2 cusps and separates left atrium from left ventricle.
Left AV mitral valve
26
These structures of heart connect the valve cusps to papillary muscles.
chordae tendinea
27
The valves that regulate flow of blood from ventricles to arteries. What are they?
semilunar valves; pulmonary valve; aortic valve
28
Semilunar valves don't open and close by muscular effort but rather by changes in ______________.
Blood pressure
29
To get to the left ventricle, blood must first go through what?
Left AV mitral valve
30
The left coronary artery branches off into which 2 branches?
Anterior interventricular branch
Circumflex branch
31
The right coronary artery continues on coronary sulcus and gives off 2 branches. What are they?
1. Right marginal branch
2. posterior interventricular branch
32
Sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of coronary circulation. Symptoms are heavy pressure or squeezing pain radiating into left arm.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
33
Heart is described as _________ because it doesn't depend on the nervous system for its rhythm.
autorhythmic
34
Striated, short, thick branched muscle cells. One central nucleus surrounded by mass of glycogen; sarcoplasmic reticulum with no terminal cisterns.
Cardiomyocytes
35
Connections between cardiomyocytes that contain folds, mechanical junctions, and electrical junctions.
Intercalated discs
36
Cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on _______________ to make ATP.
Aerobic respiration
37
This system coordinates the heartbeat; consists of an internal pacemaker and nerve-like conduction pathways through myocardium.
Cardiac Conduction System
38
The contraction of the heart is described as _________
SYSTOLE
39
The relaxation of the heart is described as __________
Diastole
40
The normal heartbeat that is triggered by the SA node. Adult at rest is typically 70-80 bpm.
Sinus rhythm
41
A region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node. May govern heart rhythm if SA node is damaged.
Ectopic focus
42
Heart rate that is set by the AV node if SA node is damaged. AV node 40-50 bpm.
Nodal (junctional) rhythm
43
Rate of 20-40 bpm is too slow to sustain life. True or False.
True
44
A record of a composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected.
Electrocardiogram ECG or EKG
45
What are the 3 principle deflections of the electrocardiogram?
1. P wave
2. QRS complex
3. T wave
46
ECG deflection: depolarization of atria; atrial systole begins 100 ms after start of p wave.
P wave
47
ECG deflection: depolarization of ventricles. Ventricular systole begins shortly after
QRS complex
48
ECG deflection: repolarization of ventricles immediately prior to diastole.
T wave
49
Random electrical signals result in no pumping action. Is hallmark of myocardial infarction.
Ventricular fibrillation
50
Weak rippling contraction in atria due to chaotic signals; atria fail to stimulate ventricles.
Atrial fibrillation
51
Failure of part of conduction system; include bundle branch block and total heart block
Heart Block
52
Ventricular ectopic focus fires and sets off extra beat,
Premature ventricular contraction
53
most coronary blood returns to right atrium by which veins? GPLC
Great cardiac vein
Posterior interventricular vein
Left marginal vein
Coronary sinus
54
SA node typically fires every ______ seconds, setting resting rate at ______ bpm
0.8; 75
55
One complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers of the heart.
Cardiac cycle
56
Flow requires a __________ which is a difference in pressure between 2 points.
pressure gradient
57
When ventricles relax and expand, its internal pressure _______.
falls
58
When ventricles contract, internal pressure _________.
rises
59
Opening and closing of valves are governed by _________
pressure changes
60
Any failure of a valve to prevent reflux (regurgitation) backward flow of blood.
Valvular insufficiency
61
When cusps are stiffened and opening is constricted by scar tissue; regurgitation can be heard as a heart murmur.
Valvular stenosis
62
Insufficiency in which one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction.
Mitral valve prolapse
63
Ventricular filling occurs in three phases what are they ?
1. first one-third- rapid ventricular filling
2. second one-third- diastasis- slower filling occurs; depolarization of atria
3. last one-third- atrial systole completes process
64
The end of ventricular filling had an end-diastolic volume EDV
EDV is 130mL of blood ; only 40 % occurred by atrial systole
65
What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?
1. ventricular filling
2. Isovolumetric contraction
3. Ventricular ejection
4. Isovolumetric relaxation
66
Phase in cardiac cycle where the ventricles depolarize, generate QRS complex, and begin to contract.
Isovolumetric contraction
67
Wave ______ marks the end of ventricular filling, _______ marks the transition from atrial systole to isovolumetric contraction. And ____ occurs during isovolumteric contraction.
QRS
68
Why is it called the isovolumteric phase?
Because even though the ventricles contract, they don't eject blood yet and no change in their volume because pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk is still greater than pressure in ventricles causing semilunar valves to remain closed.
69
This phase of cardiac cycle occurs when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure, causing the semilunar valves to open. Pressure peaks at 120 mm Hg in left ventricle and 25 mm Hg in right ventricle.
Ventricular ejection
70
Ventricles don't expel all of their contents during ventricular ejection. The amount ejected is about 70 mL and it is called the _________. It is about 54% of the 130mL EDV. This is considered the ___________
Stroke volume; Ejection fraction
71
The blood that is left behind after ventricular ejection is about _____ mL and this is called ________.
60; end-systolic volume ESV
72
Ejection fraction is a good measure of cardiac health. True or false.
True
73
____________ exert force during isovolumetric contraction but it cannot eject the blood from ventricles because all 4 valves are closed.
Cardiomyocytes
74
Phase of cardiac cycle which T wave ends and ventricles begin to expand. Blood from aorta and pulmonary trunk briefly flows backward filling cusps and closing semilunar valves.
isovolumetric relaxation
75
Why is phase called isovolumetric relaxation?
Because semilunar valves are closed and AV valves have not yet opened so no change in blood volume.
76
Total duration of heart cycle is ____ seconds in a heart beating ______ bpm.
0.8; 75
77
Fluid accumulation in either circuit due to an insufficiency to ventricular pumping.
Congestive heart failure CHF
78
This can usually occur due to a heart weakened by myocardial infarction, chronic hypertension, valvular insufficiency, or congenital defects in heart structure.
Congestive heart failure
79
This ventricular failure occurs when blood backs up in lungs causing pulmonary edema, shortness of breath and sense of suffocation.
Left ventricular failure
80
This ventricular failure occurs when blood backs up in the vena cava causing systemic or generalized edema; enlargement of liver; distention of jugular veins, and swelling of fingers, ankles, and veins.
Right ventricular failure
81
The heart's rhythm and contraction center is governed by 2 cardiac centers in medulla oblongata. What are they ?
1. cardioaccelaratory center
2. cardioinhibitory center
82
cardiac center of the heart that communicates by way of Right and Left cardiac nerves, sympathetic pathway, and increases heart rate and contraction strength.
cardioacceleratory center
83
cardiac center that communicates with heart by way of right and left vagus nerves, parasympathetic pathway, dominates heart rate.
cardioinhibitory center
84
Heart rate can be obtained by palpating ________ artery at wrist or _________ artery at neck.
Radial; common carotid
85
what is avg heart rate for newborns?
120 bpm
86
what is avg heart rate for females ?
72-80 bpm
87
what is avg heart rate for males?
64-72 bpm
88
Persistent resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm. Can be caused by stress, anxiety, stimulants, heart disease, or fever.
Tachycardia
89
Persistent resting adult heart rate below 60 bpm common during sleep and in endurance trained athletes. Hypothermia, low body temp also causes this.
Bradycardia
90
Factors outside the heart itself that raise heart rate.
Positive chronotropic agents
91
Factors outside the heart rate itself that lower heart rate.
Negative chronotropic agents
92
Dysfunction of this chamber leads to pulmonary edema
left ventricle
93
This is the greatest contributor to systemic blood pressure, pumps blood to the aorta and is the strongest chamber.
left ventricle
94
What type of blood travels through these structures of the heart: jugular vein, left ventricle, carotid artery, descending aorta, coronary arteries.
Oxygenated blood
95
What type of blood travels through these structures of the heart: superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, right atrium, great cardiac vein.
Deoxygenated blood
96
The contraction of the heart begins with autorhythmic depolarization of the _________ node located in the superior portion of the posterior atrial wall.
Sinuatrial
97
From the ________ the wave of depolarization disperses through the myocardium of the atria. Depolarization then arrives at the ________ node located in the inferior interatrial septum.
Right atrium; atrioventricular
98
The AV node fires causing the signal to travel into the __________ as it passes through the ___________. Making a U-turn at the apex of the heart, the signals are then carried by the _______ through exterior walls of the ventricles.
AV bundle branches; ventricles; subendocardial conducting network.
99
Name nervous supply: slows the heart rate to as low as 20 bpm, pathway begins with the nuclei of the vagus nerves in medulla oblongata, little or no innervation to the myocardium.
Parasympathetic nervous supply
100
Name nervous supply: fibers pass through the cardiac plexus, dilates the coronary arteries to increase myocardial blood flow, increases the contraction strength of the heart, can raise the heart rate to as high as 230 bpm, originates in the lower cervical and upper thoracic segments of the spinal cord.
sympathetic nervous supply
101
Nicotine, epinephrine, thyroid hormone, hypercapnia, acidosis, exercise, psychological stress, calcium channel blockers, sympathetic stimulation all cause what to heart rate?
Increase heart rate
102
acetylcholine, hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, vagal tone, SA node damage, and bundle branch block all cause what to heart rate?
decrease heart rate
103
Aging, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, and stress are all risk factors for what disease?
Coronary artery disease
104
Cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on aerobic respiration to make ATP. True or False.
True
105
Cardiac muscle is very rich in myoglobin (a source of stored oxygen) and glycogen (for stored energy). True or false.
True
106
Cardiac muscles mitochondria fills about 2% of the cell. True or false.
False
107
Name the layer: serous membrane mainly squamous epithelium over areolar connective tissue with an adipose covering.
Epicardium
108
Name the layer: thickest layer made of muscle and performs the work of the heart.
Myocardium
109
Name the layer: covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels.
Endocardium
110
Cardiac conduction system : the pacemaker that determines the heart rate.
Sinuatrial node
111
Cardiac conduction system: the electrical gateway to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular node AV node
112
Cardiac conduction system:
Anatomy & Physiology II
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
Chap 18: quiz review41
-
Chapter 19112
-
Chapter 20: The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels91
-
Chapter 21: The Lymphoid and Immune Systems82
-
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System33
-
Midterm review Chapters 18-2156
-
Chapter 23: The Urinary System53
-
Chapter 25: The digestive system59
-
Chapter 27- Male Reproductive System73
-
Chapter 28 Female Reproductive System45
-
Final Review88
-
Chapter 29 Human development and aging33
