Chapter 29 Human development and aging

Question 1

What are the 6 stages of prenatal development?
ZCMBEF

Answer 1

Zygote
Cleavage
Morula
Blastocyst
Embryonic stage
Fetal stage

Question 2

Course of pregnancy divided into 3 month intervals called __________.

Answer 2

Trimesters

Question 3

The average ejaculation emits about 200 million sperm into the vagina, but only how many of them ever get anywhere near an egg?

Answer 3

20-200

Question 4

To be able to fertilize an egg, sperm must first undergo a process called _____________ in which fluids of the female reproductive tract enable the sperm by leaching cholesterol and protein from their plasma membrane.

Answer 4

Capacitation

Question 5

For those wishing to conceive a child, what is the optimal window?

Answer 5

A few days before ovulation to 14 hours after

Question 6

Penetration by multiple sperm is called ____________.

Answer 6

Polyspermy

Question 7

What are the 2 ways that an egg can prevent polyspermy?

Answer 7

Fast block- inflow of sodium ions
Slow block- release of calcium ions triggers exocytosis of cortical granules

Question 8

3 month intervals of pregnancy are called ___________.

Answer 8

Trimesters

Question 9

First 12 weeks where more than half of all embryos die.

Answer 9

First trimester

Question 10

Weeks 13-24 period where organs complete most of their development.

Answer 10

Second trimester

Question 11

Weeks 25-birth where fetus grows rapidly and organs achieve enough cellular differentiation to support life outside of the womb.

Answer 11

Third trimester

Question 12

Twins that are produced when 2 eggs are ovulated and fertilized by separate sperm.

Answer 12

Dizygotic

Question 13

Twins that are produced when a single egg is fertilized and cell mass divides into 2. Each twin usually forms its own amnion and placenta. Or sometimes share a single amnion and placenta.

Answer 13

Monozygotic twins

Question 14

Process of attachment when blastocyst adheres to the endometrium.

Answer 14

Implantation

Question 15

The arrangement of the blastomeres into the 3 germ layers;
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Answer 15

Embryogenesis

Question 16

When blastocyst implants somewhere other than the uterus.

Answer 16

Ectopic pregnancy

Question 17

Gives rise to the epidermis, hair follicles, cutaneous glands, nervous system, adrenal medulla, pineal and pituitary glands, parts of eye, internal and external ear, salivary glands

Answer 17

Ectoderm

Question 18

Gives rise to the dermis, bones, bone marrow, cartilage, skeleton, cardiac, smooth muscle, adrenal cortex, middle ear, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, kidneys, ureters, gonads, genital ducts, mesothelium of abdominal and thoracic cavities.

Answer 18

Mesoderm

Question 19

Gives rise to the epithelium of digestive and respiratory tracts, mucosal epithelium of urinary bladder, parts of urethra, epithelial components of accessory reproductive and digestive glands, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus

Answer 19

Endoderm

Question 20

What accessory organs develop alongside the embryo? PUAYAC

Answer 20

Placenta
Umbilical cord
Amnion
Yolk sac
Allantois
Chorion

Question 21

A transparent sac that develops from cells of epiblast. Grows to completely close the embryo and penetrated only by umbilical cord.

Answer 21

Amnion

Question 22

Fluid that fills the amnion and protects the embryo from trauma, infection, and temperature fluctuations.

Answer 22

Amniotic fluid

Question 23

Arises from hypoblast cells. Is a small sac suspended from the ventral side of the embryo. Forms digestive tract and first blood cells and forerunners of future egg or sperm cells.

Answer 23

Yolk sac

Question 24

Forms the foundation for the umbilical cord and becomes continuous with the urinary bladder.

Answer 24

Allantois

Question 25

Outermost membrane enclosing all the other membranes and the embryo. Has shaggy outgrowths around its entire surface.

Answer 25

Chorion chorionic villi= shaggy outgrowths

Question 26

Disc-shaped organ attached to the uterine wall. it is fetus's source of oxygen and nutrients, means of waste disposal, and an important source of pregnancy-regulating hormones.

Answer 26

pLACENTA

Question 27

By the end of 8 weeks, all of the organ systems are present and is now considered a __________.

Answer 27

fetus

Question 28

Birth defect is also called

Answer 28

congenital anomaly

Question 29

Agents that cause anatomical deformities in the fetus. They fall into 3 major classes; drugs, infectious diseases, radiation such as x-rays

Answer 29

Teratogens

Question 30

Drug taken by many women in early pregnancy to relieve morning sickness and by others as a sleeping aid. had affected many with unformed arms, legs, defects of ears, heart, and intestines.

Answer 30

Thalidomide

Question 31

Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause ________ which is characterized by a small head, malformed facial features, cardiac and central nervous system defects, stunted growth,.

Answer 31

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 32

A protozoan contracted from meat, unpasteurized milk, and house cats. Another cause of fetal deformity.

Answer 32

Toxoplasma

Question 33

One of the most common congenital malformations, results from failure of fetal maxillae to join on the midline leaving a median fissure in the roof of mouth between oral and nasal cavities,

Answer 33

Cleft lip and palate