Anatomy & Physiology II > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false. Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different part of hemoglobin.

A

True

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
- helps to regulate body temperature
-helps to stabilize the PH of extracellular fluids
-produces plasma hormones
-participates in the initiation of blood clotting
-transports a variety of nutrients
-

A

produces plasma hormones

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3
Q

Why are pregnant Rh negative females given an injection of Rh immune globulin?

A

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate

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4
Q

The study of prenatal development.

A

Embryology

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5
Q

The first 16 days after fertilization are called ______________.

A

Preembryonic stage

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6
Q

After ovulation, the egg is immobile. What helps it make its way to the uterus ?

A

Fimbriae, cilia in uterine tube, progesterone from the ovaries, and peristaltic contractions of the muscular wall of the tube.

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7
Q

The average male can ejaculate 200 million sperm into the vagina but only how many can make it anywhere near the egg?

A

20-200 sperm

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8
Q

To be able to fertilize an egg, sperm must first undergo a process called _________ which fluids of the female reproductive tract enable the sperm by leaching cholesterol and protein from their plasma membrane and destabilize it.

A

Capacitation

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9
Q

What is the optimal window to conceive a child?

A

A few days before ovulation to 14 hours after ovulation

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10
Q

Sperm find the egg by way of chemical attraction which is known as __________.

A

Chemotaxis

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11
Q

When egg and sperm unite it is considered a __________.

A

Zygote

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12
Q

The mitotic division of the zygote into smaller, identical blastomeres.

A

Cleavage

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13
Q

A spheroidal stage consisting of 16 or more blastomeres.

A

Morula

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14
Q

The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma is blood type _________.

A

O, Rh-negative

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15
Q

Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, the piece of the _______ clot may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as a _________.

A

thrombus; embolus

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16
Q

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and ___________ .
-initiate blood clotting
-regulate erythropoiesis
-transport nutrients
-defend the body against pathogens
-transport some carbon dioxide

A

transport some carbon dioxide

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17
Q

Does the presence of the tissue thromboplastin prevent he spontaneous formation of a clot?

A

false

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18
Q

True or false. Coagulation starts with the formation of a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a plate plug.

A

true

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT contained in the buffy coat?
-granulocytes
-lymphocytes
-agranulocytes
-platelets
-erythrocytes

A

erythrocytes

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20
Q

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

A

Albumin

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21
Q

The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by _________.

A

a fibrin polymer

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22
Q

True or false. The liver store excess iron in ferritin.

A

True

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23
Q

The cessation of bleeding is specifically called _________.

A

Hemostasis

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24
Q

Where do most red blood cells die?

A

Spleen and liver

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25
Blood clots in the limbs put patients most at risk for _____________.
pulmonary embolism
26
A deficiency in _________ can cause pernicious anemia
vitamin B12
27
A normal hematocrit is what percentage of the total blood volume.
37%-52%
28
Which of the following proteins is not normally found in plasma? -fibrinogen -hemoglobin -prothrombin -transferrin -albumin
hemoglobin
29
Platelets release ________ which is a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm
serotonin
30
An individual has type B rH positive blood. The individual has _______ antigens and can produce anti- ________ antibodies.
B and D; A
31
Where are most clotting factors synthesized in the body?
Liver
32
Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to _________.
Heme groups in hemoglobin
33
Which of the following is most likely to cause anemia? -any factor that creates a state of hypoxia -high altitude -smoking -renal disease -air pollution other than by carbon monoxide
Renal disease
34
Which artery directly stems from the ascending aorta before it branches into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch?
left coronary artery
35
Which valve is not generally represented with 3 cusps?
Left atrioventricular (mitral) valve
36
Through which valve does blood go to the lungs?
Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
37
Which side of the heart is the mitral valve located ?
Left side
38
The ________ performs the work of the heart. -myocardium -endocardium -pericardial layer -epicardium -fibrous skeleton
myocardium
39
The shallow depression seen on the external surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles is called the __________.
Interventricular sulcus
40
True or false. Cardiac muscle can only use glucose as a source of organic fuel.
False
41
Which of the following carry oxygen-poor blood? -aorta and pulmonary veins -aorta and vena cavae -vena cavae and pulmonary arteries
vena cavae and pulmonary arteries
42
The chordae tendineae of the AV valves are anchored to the __________ of the ventricles.
papillary muscles
43
The _________ is the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat.
sinuatrial (SA) node
44
The pacemaker of the heart is located where?
Right atrium
45
If the SA node is not functioning properly, which node takes over ?
Nodal (junctional) rhythm
46
If the SA node is damaged, the heart will likely beat at _________ bpm.
40-50
47
The apex of the heart is found ________ of the midline of the body. -To the left -To the right -In the center
To the left
48
True or false. The ventricles are thicker more powerful chambers of the heart. They pump blood to the lungs and body.
True
49
Congestive heart failure (CHF) of the right ventricle ___________.
can cause systemic edema
50
The __________ are the superior chambers of the heart and the _________ are the inferior chambers of the heart.
atria; ventricles
51
Which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle? -inferior vena cava -ascending aorta -pulmonary trunk -right pulmonary vein -superior vena cava
pulmonary trunk
52
Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the ________ when the ventricles contract.
Left atrium
53
Which of the following is NOT a part of the cardiac conduction system? -subendocardial branches -atrioventricular bundle -tendinous cords -Atrioventricular node -sinuatrial node
tendinous cords
54
The area where the major vessels lead to and from the heart's chambers is called the _________ of the heart. The pointy inferior portion is called the __________.
Base; apex
55
The heart is enfolded within a space called the __________.
pericardial cavity
56
An obstruction in what will cause the most severe myocardial infarction (MI)
Left coronary artery (LCA)
57
True or False. The pulmonary circuit is supplied by both the right and left sides of the heart.
False
58
The right atrioventricular valve regulates the opening between the _________ and the ________.
right atrium; right ventricle
59
True or false. Do pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins belong to the pulmonary circuit?
True
60
What is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to the cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle.
SA node > AV node> AV bundle> subendocardial branches> cardiomyocyte in LV
61
Which vessel supplies 80 % of the cerebrum?
Internal carotid artery
62
Which of the following does NOT move substances across capillary walls? -diffusion -group transport -transcytosis -filtration -reabsorption
group transport
63
Which of the following does not lead to edema? -famine -obstruction of lymphatic vessels -hyperproteinemia -liver disease -hypertension
hyperproteinemia
64
Myocardial infarction can lead to what type of shock?
cardiogenic
65
True or false. A portal system involves going through 2 capillary beds?
True
66
Alternative routes of blood supply are called _____________.
anastomoses
67
Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow? -increased vessel radius -increased afterload -increased viscosity -decreased vasomotion -increased blood pressure
increased viscosity
68
In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. What causes the varicose veins?
failure of the venous valves
69
What is the longest vein commonly used in grafts in coronary bypass surgery?
Great saphenous vein
70
How many pulmonary arteries empty into the right atrium of the heart?
none
71
Where is the vasomotor center located?
medulla oblongata
72
Why does our blood pressure generally go up as we age?
our arteries get "hard" and absorb less systolic force
73
What are the major branches of the abdominal aorta from superior to inferior?
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, common iliac arteries
74
True or false. Are right and left brachiocephalic arteries absent in humans?
TRue
75
What is taken up by capillaries at their venous end? -oxygen -glucose -amino acids -waste products -organic nutrients
waste products
76
The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the __________ and in large arteries and veins contains the ___________
tunica externa; vasa vasorum
77
True or false. TIAs are often an early warning sign of an impending stroke.
True
78
True or false. The circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle) is an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland.
True
79
To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output is __________.
2.0 L
80
Micturition is another term for ___________.
The elimination of urine
81
The ________________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its _________innervation is unknown.
sympathetic ; parasympathetic
82
Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the ___________ to form angiotensin i
liver
83
Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? --hydrogen ions -potassium -sodium chloride -water -urea
hydrogen ions
84
A by-product of protein catabolism, ___________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste.
urea
85
What is the correct branching sequence of arteries in the kidney?
renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries
86
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________.
diabetes mellitus
87
True or false. The kidneys
88
A spheroidal stage consisting of 16 or more blastomeres.
Morula
Anatomy & Physiology II
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