Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 25: The digestive system > Flashcards

Chapter 25: The digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of the digestive tract. Diagnosis and treatment of its disorders.

A

Gastroenterology

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2
Q

What are the five functions of the digestive tract? IDACD

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Compaction
Defecation

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3
Q

The PHYSICAL breakdown of food into smaller particles.

A

Mechanical digestion

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4
Q

Series of hydrolysis reactions that break down things into smaller things. Examples: macromolecules to monomers OR polysaccharides to monosaccharides

A

Chemical digestion

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5
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Digestive tract
  2. Accessory organs
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6
Q

Subdivision of the digestive system that includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

A

Digestive tract

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7
Q

Subdivision of digestive system that includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas,

A

Accessory organs

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract? MSMS

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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9
Q

Nervous network that regulates the digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Can function independently of the central nervous system.

A

Enteric plexus

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10
Q

Carbohydrates start to be chemically/mechanically broken down in this area of digestive system.

A

Mouth

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11
Q

Most chemical digestion occurs in this area of digestive system.

A

Small intestine

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12
Q

This area of digestive system is for reabsorption only no digestion

A

large intestine

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13
Q

Area of digestive system where protein and fat are chemically and mechanically broken down

A

Stomach

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14
Q

A single, complexly folded serous membrane that holds abdominal viscera in place and keeps it from getting twisted and tangled by its own contractions.

A

Mesentery

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15
Q

2 anterior extensions of the mesentery are called

A
  1. lesser omentum
  2. greater omentum
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16
Q

In obesity, much of abdominal fat is in the ___________.

A

mesentery

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17
Q

When an organ is said to be outside of the peritoneal cavity.

A

Retroperitoneal

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18
Q

Which organs/part of organs of digestive system are said to be retroperitoneal?

A

Duodenum
Most of pancreas
Parts of large intestine

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19
Q

Ingestion, taste, mastication, chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, and respiration are all functions of which part of digestive system?

A

Mouth

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20
Q

Aids in food intake and has sensory receptors for taste, texture, and temperature in acceptance and rejection of food.

A

Tongue

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21
Q

Surface of tongue is covered with what type of epithelium?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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22
Q

Bumps/projections on tongue are called _____________.

A

Lingual papillae

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23
Q

Contains mucus, electrolytes, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), salivary amylase, lingual lipase.

A

Saliva

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24
Q

What are the two kinds of salivary glands?

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A

intrinsic salivary glands
extrinsic salivary glands

25
Small glands that moisten mouth, protect teeth from buffering acids, and trap bacteria.
Intrinsic salivary glands
26
3 pairs of major glands that are contained outside of oral mucosa.
Extrinsic major salivary glands
27
What are the 3 pairs of extrinsic salivary glands. PSS
1. parotid glands 2. submandibular glands 3. sublingual glands
28
How much saliva do extrinsic salivary glands secrete per day?
1.0 to 1.5 liters/day
29
The pharynx contains longitudinal skeletal muscle and circular skeletal muscle called _________ that forces food downward.
Pharyngeal constrictors
30
This sphincter prevents stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus and protects the esophageal mucosa.
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
31
Also known as deglutition which involves 22 muscles in mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
Swallowing
32
What are the 3 phases of swallowing?
1. Oral phase 2. Pharyngeal phase 3. Esophageal phase
33
Phase in swallowing that is VOLUNTARY. Tongue forms food bolus and pushes it into laryngopharynx.
Oral phase
34
Phase in swallowing that is INVOLUNTARY. Oral cavity, nasal, and airway are blocked while pharyngeal constrictors push bolus into esophagus.
Pharyngeal phase
35
Phase in swallowing that is INVOLUNTARY. Peristalsis drives bolus downward and relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach.
Esophageal phase
36
Muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity that's primary job is to store food and break it down into chyme.
stomach
37
What are the 4 regions of the stomach? CFBP
1. cardiac part 2. fundus 3. body 4. pyloric part
38
What are the 5 different types of cells contained in gastric glands? MRPCE
Mucous cells Regenrative stem cells Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cells
39
These cells are found mostly in upper half of gastric gland and they secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and ghrelin (appetite-stimulating hormone).
parietal cells
40
These cells are most numerous in gastric glands and they secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen which help start fat digestion.
Chief cells
41
The gastric glands produce _____ to ______ L of gastric juice per day composed mainly of what 3 things?
water hydrochloric acid pepsin
42
1. Activating enzymes pepsin and lingual lipase 2. Breaking up connective tissues and plant cell walls to form chyme 3. Converting ingested ferric ions to ferrous ions 4. Destroying most ingested pathogens Are all functions of what ?
Stomach acid
43
Digestive enzymes that are secreted as inactive proteins are called ________.
zymogens
44
In the stomach, chief cells secrete _________ which converts into __________ when hydrochloric acid removes some of its amino acids.
pepsinogen; pepsin
45
Forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents (chyme) from the mouth, integrated by emetic center of the medulla oblongata.
Vomiting
46
What are the 3 phases of gastric activity? CGI
cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
47
Erosion of the stomach wall caused by pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
Peptic ulcer
48
Phase of gastric activity in which vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion even before food is swallowed. Prepares stomach to receive and process food.
Cephalic phase
49
Phase of gastric activity in which swallowed food and semidigested protein activate gastric secretion and motility.
Gastric phase
50
Phase of gastric activity that begins when chyme starts arriving in the duodenum and hormonal and nervous reflexes control rate of gastric emptying.
Intestinal phase
51
In intestinal phase, chyme stimulates cells to release __________ and __________ which primarily stimulate the gall bladder and pancreas and also suppress gastric secretion and motility.
Secretin Cholecystokinin
52
Body's largest gland that has variety of functions but only contributes to the secretion of bile in digestion.
Liver
53
What are the 4 lobes of the liver? RLQC
Right lobe Left lobe Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe
54
The right and left lobe of the liver are separated by the ___________.
Falciform ligament
55
Ligament of liver that is remnant of the umbilical vein which carries blood from the umbilical cord to liver of the fetus.
Round ligament
56
Lobe of liver that is located right next to the gallbladder.
Quadrate lobe
57
Lobe of liver that is posterior to quadrate lobe.
Caudate lobe
58
A pear-shaped sac on the underside of liver that serves to store and concentrate bile.
Gallbladder
59
A light yellow-green color watery solution of minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, bile acids
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