Chapter 2

Question 1

Anaphase

Answer 1

Stage of mitosis when the centromeres of replicated chromosomes split, allowing the two DNA molecules to separate

Question 2

apoptosis

Answer 2

a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development

Question 3

autophagy

Answer 3

a process in which a cell dismantles its own debris

Question 4

carbohydrate

Answer 4

an organiz compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 12:1 ratio. A sugar or a starch

Question 5

cell cycle

Answer 5

a cycle of events describing a cell’s preparation for division and the process of dividing

Question 6

cellular adhesion

Answer 6

a series of interactions among the proteins that connect cells

Question 7

centriole

Answer 7

a structure that organizes microtubules into the mitotic spindle

Question 8

centromere

Answer 8

the largest constriction in a chromosome, at a specific site in each chromosome type

Question 9

centrosome

Answer 9

a structure built of centrioles and proteins that organizes microtubules into a spindle during cell division

Question 10

chromatid

Answer 10

a single, very long DNA molecule and its associated proteins, forming a longitudinal half of a replicated chromosome

Question 11

cytokinesis

Answer 11

division of the cytoplasm and its contents

Question 12

cytoplasm

Answer 12

cellular contents other than organelles

Question 13

cytoskeleton

Answer 13

a framework of protein tubules and rods that supports the cell and gives it a distinctive form

Question 14

diploid

Answer 14

a cell containing two sets of chromosomes

Question 15

embryonic stem (ES) cell

Answer 15

a cell derived in laboratory culture from inner cell mass cells of a very early embryos than can self-renew and produce some daughter cells that can differentiate as any cell type

Question 16

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

an organelle consisting of a labyrinth of membranous tubules on which proteins, lipids, and sugars begin to be synthesized

Question 17

endosome

Answer 17

a vesicle that buds inward from the plasma membrane

Question 18

enzyme

Answer 18

a protein that speed the rate of a specific biochemical reaction

Question 19

eukaryotic cell

Answer 19

a complex cell containing organelles, including a nucleus

Question 20

exosome

Answer 20

a vesicle that carries molecules from cell to cell

Question 21

G0 phase

Answer 21

an offshoot of the cell cycle in which the cell remains specialized but does not replicate its DNA or divide

Question 22

G1 Phase

Answer 22

the stage of the cell cycle following mitosis in which the cell resumes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohyrdates

Question 23

G2 phase

Answer 23

the stage of the cell cycle following S phase but before mitois, when certain proteins are synthesized

Question 24

germ cells

Answer 24

cells that give rise to sperm or eggs

Question 25

Golgi apparatus

Answer 25

an organelle, consisting of flattened, membranous sacs, that packages secretion components

Question 26

haploid

Answer 26

a cell containing one set of chromosomes

Question 27

hormone

Answer 27

a biochemical produced in a gland and carried in the blood to a target organ, where it exerts an effect

Question 28

induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells

Answer 28

somatic cells that are reprogrammed toward an alternative developmental fate by altering their gene expression

Question 29

intermediate filament

Answer 29

a type of cytoskeletal component made of different proteins in different cell types

Question 30

interphase

Answer 30

stage of the cell cycle when a cell is not dividing

Question 31

lipid

Answer 31

a type of organic molecule that has more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms. can be a fat or an oil

Question 32

lysosome

Answer 32

a saclike organelle containing enzymes that degrade debris

Question 33

meiosis

Answer 33

a form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes, forming haploid gametes

Question 34

messenger RNA

Answer 34

a molecule of RNA complementary in sequence to the template stand of a gene that specifies a protein product

Question 35

metaphase

Answer 35

the stage of mitosis when chromosomes align along the center of the cell

Question 36

# microfilament

Answer 36

a solid rod of actin protein that forms part of the cytoskeleton

Question 37

microtubule

Answer 37

a hollow structure built of tubulin protein that forms part of the cytoskeleton

Question 38

mitochondrion

Answer 38

an organelle consisting of a double membrane that houses enzymes that catalyze reactions that extract energy from nutrients

Question 39

mitosis

Answer 39

division of somatic cells

Question 40

nucleic acid

Answer 40

DNA or RNA

Question 41

nucleolus

Answer 41

a structure in the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled from ribosomal RNAs and proteins

Question 42

organelle

Answer 42

a specialized structure in a eukaryotic cell that carries out a specific function

Question 43

peroxisome

Answer 43

an organelle with a single outer membrane that is studded with proteins and that houses enzymes that catalyze diverse reactions

Question 44

plasma membrane

Answer 44

the selective barrier around a cell, consisting of proteins, glyolipids, glycoproteins, and lipids on or in a phospolipid bilayer

Question 45

progenitor cell

Answer 45

a cell whose descendant daughter cells can follow any of several developmental pathways, but not all

Question 46

prokaryotic cell

Answer 46

a cell that does not habe a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. members of the domains bacteria or Archaea

Question 47

prophase

Answer 47

the first stage of mitosis or meiosis, when chromatin condenses

Question 48

protein

Answer 48

a type of macromolecule that is the direct product of genetic information; a long chain of amino acids

Question 49

ribosome

Answer 49

an organelle consisting of RNA and protein that is a caffold and catalyst for protein synthesis

Question 50

S phase

Answer 50

the stage of interphase when DNA replicates

Question 51

self-renewal

Answer 51

defining property of a stem cell; the ability to yield a daughter cell like itself

Question 52

signl transduction

Answer 52

a series of biochemical reactions and interactions that pass information from outside a cell to inside, triggering a response

Question 53

spindle

Answer 53

a structure composed of microtubules that pulls sets of chromosomes apart in a dividing cell

Question 54

telomere

Answer 54

a chromosome tip

Question 55

telophase

Answer 55

the stage of mitosis or meiosis when daughter cells separate

Question 56

transfer RNA

Answer 56

a type of RNA that connects mRNA to an amino acid during protein synthesis