Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociocultural approach

A

Views disorders as the result of environmental conditions and cultural norms

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2
Q

Biological approach

A

Views disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction

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3
Q

Psychological approach

A

Views disorders as the result of thinking processes, personality styles, emotions and conditioning

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4
Q

Therapy

A

is a treatment usually based on the theory of a phenomenon that addresses those factors that cause the phenomenon

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5
Q

Theory

A

is a set of ideas the provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and gathering + interpreting information about it

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6
Q

Brain dysfunction

A

Brain is not functioning as it should

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7
Q

Brain stem

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Reticular Formation
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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls Balance

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9
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Largest source of serotonin and norepinephrine. controls mood, arousal and sleep

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10
Q

Subcortical Structures

A
  • mamillary body
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • fornix
  • thalamus
  • cingulate cortex
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11
Q

Amygdala

A

controls fear

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12
Q

Hippocampus

A

controls formation of memory (long term)

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13
Q

cingulate cortex

A

reward and motivation

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14
Q

Thalamus

A

directs incoming information from sense receptors (vision and hearing) to the cerebrum

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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates eating, drinking, sex, basic emotions

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16
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
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17
Q

Neurons

A

Transmits signals and communicates throughout the body
- dendrites
- cell body
- myelin sheath
- axon
- axon terminals

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18
Q

Synapse

A

the gap between two neurons

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19
Q

Receptors

A

molecules on the membranes of neurons which neurotransmitters bind to

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20
Q

Reuptake

A

the process in which a sending neuron reabsorbs some of the neurotransmitter in the synapse

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21
Q

degredation

A

process in which a receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse, breaking down neurotransmitters into other biochemicals

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22
Q

The limbic system

A

regulates instinctive behaviors
- hypothalamus
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- septum
- fornix
- spinal cord
- cingulate cortex
- cerebral cortex

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

biochemicals that are messengers carrying impulses from one neuron to another and in other parts of the nervous system

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24
Q

serotonin

A

processing of information and coordination of movement. regulates eating, sexual and aggressive behaviors
- depression and anxiety

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25
Dopamine
movement, planning, reward - schizophrenia and addiction
26
Glutamate
excites neurons leading to action
27
GABA
reduces activity in the synaptic cleft (relax, calm)
28
Acetylcholine (ACH)
muscle function, learning, memory. associated with alzheimers
29
Endocrine System
produces hormones to trigger the body - pineal gland - thyroid - hypothalamus - pituitary gland - parathyroid - adrenals - pancreas - ovary/testes
30
thyroid gland
hypo- weight gain, fatigue, hypersomnia hyper- weight loss, excess energy, insomnia (overactive thyroid)
31
Pituitary gland
the growth hormones
32
epigenetics
the study of gene - how the environment interacts with the production of phenotypes
33
Polygenic
it may take multiple genetic abnormalities coming together in one individual to create a specific disorder
34
Antipsychotic drugs
reduces symptoms of psychosis
35
Antidepressant drugs
reduces symptoms of depression
36
Lithium
reduces symptoms of anxiety
37
Anticonvulsants
drugs to treat mania and depression
38
Antianxiety drugs
drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia
39
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
inducing a small seizure into the brain (factory reset)
40
Psychosurgeries
- frontal lobotomy - highly unethical and no longer performed
41
Behavioral Approaches
focus on the impact of learning on abnormal behavior
42
classical conditioning
learning associations between stimuli - Pavlov
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operant conditioning
learning association between behavior
44
unconditioned stimuli
stimulus that naturally causes a reaction
45
unconditioned repsonse
response that naturally follows when a certain stimulus appears
46
conditioned stimulus
previously neutral stimulus through pairing with a natural stimulus becomes sufficient to cause a response
47
conditioned response
response that follows the conditioned stimulus
48
modeling
mimics what other people are doing
49
observational learning
we see someone else get reinforced or punished and that affects how we behave
50
systematic desensitization
teaches the person to change fear association and is used to treat phobias
51
cognitive therapies
identifies hurtful thoughts and helps replace them with better thoughts
52
cognitions
thoughts or beliefs
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cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
problem-oriented with an emphasis on the present. focuses on the here and now and not in the past.
54
causal attribution
explanation why an event occurred
55
psychoanalysis
Freud. unconscious, preconscious and consciousness.
56
Catharsis
expression of emotions connected to memories and conflicts
57
repression
motivated forgetting of a difficult experience
58
free association
creating an environment where the client can talk freely without filtering themselves
59
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
focusing on how to change current relationships
60
humanistic theories
based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and living a full life - carl rogers
61
humanistic therapy
help clients discover their greatest potential through self exploration
62
client centered therapy (CCT)
- carl rogers - method of reflection while patient searches for their inner self
63
reflection
method of responding in which a therapist expresses his or her attempt to understand what the client is experiencing and trying to communicate
64
family systems theory
based on the belief that an individuals problems are always rooted in interpersonal systems
65
third wave approaches
prominent in the theory and treatment of psychological disorders. - combines techniques from behavioral and cognitive therapies with midnfulness meditation
66
midnfulness
a state of consciousness in which attention is focused on present moment phenomena
67
primary prevention
stopping development of disorders before they start
68
secondary prevention
focused on detecting disorders in early stages to prevent it from becoming a full blown disorder
69
tertiary prevention
focuses on people who already have a disorder and helps prevent a relapse and reduces the impact of the disorder on the person's quality of life.
Abnormal Psychology
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